m o- ii nj m a : a a m a SECOND SEEIES: PULMONATA. MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC WITH ILLUSTEATIONS OF THE SPECIES VOL. XXI ACHATINELLID^: (AMASTRIN.E) BY ALPHEUS HYATT AND HENRY A. PILSBRY LEPTACHATINA BY C. MONTAGUE COOKE 4? A PHILADELPHIA : Published by the Conehologieal Department ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 1911 It is the nature of a God to conceal a thing ; it is the glory of a man to find it out. FRANCIS BACON. ' TO THE MEMORY OF GEORGE ALBERT ARMS OF GREENFIELD, MASS. A LOVER OF TRUTH AND PROGRESS THROUGH SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH DATES OF ISSUE, VOL. XXI. Part 81, pages 1-64, plates 1-9, issued July 30, 1910. Part 82, pages 65-128, plates 10-23, issued March 14, 1911. Part 83, pages 129-240, plates 24-36, issued August 23, 1911. Part 84, pages 241-387, plates 37-56, issued December, 1911. Title-page, Introduction, etc., pages i-xxii, December, 1911. CONTENTS PAGE Preface vii Introduction : Evolution and Zoogeography of the Amas- trinse xi Systematic part Achatinellidae defined xx Amastringe xx Key to genera of Amastrinas xx Distribution o>f genera of Ainastrinae xxii Genus LEPTACHATINA Gould 1 Subgenera of Leptachatina 2-4 Genus FEENANDEZIA Pilsbry 93 Genus CARELIA H. & A. Adams 100 Genus PTEKODISCUS Pilsbry 118 Genus PLANAMASTRA Pilsbry 129 Genus ARMSIA Pilsbry 132 Genus AMASTRA H. & A. Adams 133 Subgenera of Amastra 136 Classified catalogue of species 137 Amastrse of Kauai 141 Oahu 156 Lanai 232 Molokai 248 Maui 279 Hawaii 309 Genus LAMINELLA Pf eiffer 323 Distribution and classification of Laminellae 324 (v) 2 Q 1 / VI CONTENTS. PAGE Species of Laminella : Oahu 326 Lanai 333 Maui 337 Molokai 345 Appendix A : Additions and corrections 355 Appendix B: Hyatt's classification and zoogeography of Amastrinae 358 Explanation of plates 369 Dates of issue of the parts of Vol. XXI iv PREFACE. As the title-page indicates, this monograph contains the re- sults of work by two authors. The Achatinellidse had been studied by Professor Alpheus Hyatt for many years prior to his death in 1902. "It is unfortunate that he never fully wrote out the results of his studies upon these shells, the manuscript which was found after his death being very incomplete, espe- cially upon specific points; and although many of his descrip- tions of the species themselves were completed, yet his con- clusions respecting their relationships and migrations are only vaguely referred to. " 1 Professor Hyatt's notes, relating to about 130 of the 280 species treated in this volume, were submitted to the junior author in the spring of 1906, with the condition that they be incorporated in the present monograph so far as practicable. The manu- script received contains all of his notes descriptive of genera and species, their localities, classification and relationships, also sketches of his views upon the migrations of the Amastrae of Oahu and of the Laminellse, which are printed in full in Ap- pendix B (p. 358). Aside from this, the manuscripts include none of Hyatt's deductions and theoretic conclusions bearing on the origin, evolution or zoogeography of Achatinellidse; this material having been reserved for separate publication. The junior author is therefore alone responsible for zoogeographic views expressed herein, except in so far as these views coincide with those of Hyatt's essay forming Appendix B. It should be said that Hyatt's theoretic views on the migrations of Acha- tinellidce, as expressed in Appendix B (pp. 358 to 368) are directly opposed to those of the junior author. Those inter- 1 Alfred Goldsborough Mayer in Popular Science Monthly, February, 1911. (Vii) Vlll PREFACE. ested will find the evidence upon which both views are based in the descriptive part of this volume. In matters of taxonomy the two authors are in almost com- plete agreement. Diverse methods and different material for investigation have caused some difference of view regarding the rank and relationships of the subdivisions and species of Amastra, and the relationships of the Laminellse. Here both views are given, pp. 358-368 (Hyatt) and 137, 324 (Pilsbry). The chief advance over former classifications of Pease, Gulick and others is in the recognition of Heliciform genera derived from Amastra, containing forms which were formerly placed in the Helicoid families Endodontidas or Helicidse. The true re- lationship of Pterodiscus was published by Pilsbry in 1905, without knowing that Hyatt had reached the same result sev- eral years earlier, but had published nothing on the subject. The Heliciform genera Planamastra and Armsia were unknown to Hyatt. Only a few incomplete notes relating to the genus Leptachatina were left by H}^att. The account of this intricate group has been prepared by Doctor C. Montague Cooke, of Honolulu, who has studied all of the principal collections of these snails in Europe, America and the Islands. The original descriptions of species, or translations of them, have been quoted in nearly all cases, though sometimes dis- pensed with when the original types were before us. This use of an author's own words permits the limitation of additional descriptive matter to the exposition of points originally un- noticed, or inadequately set forth; yet often of the first import- ance in phylogenetics. Such additional matter is given either from the notes of Hyatt, confirmed by the junior author, or from observations by the latter. Views specially Hyatt's are quoted or otherwise distinguished. Acknowledgment is due to MRS. J. M. ARMS SHELDON whose liberality has enabled us to illustrate this volume and the one to follow more fully than would otherwise have been possible. Our generous friend Doctor C. Montague Cooke has left his large Hawaiian collection in our possession for ten years, and has freely given specimens and information of the first import- PREFACE. IX ance to our inquiries. Mr. D. D. Baldwin, the Nestor of Hawaiian conchologists, has lent or given many types and co- types from his collection. Dr. William H. Dall permitted both authors freely to make use of the collections of the National Museum under his charge. Mr. C. W. Johnson extended to the junior author a like courtesy with the collections of the Boston Society of Natural History, which had been the basis of Professor Hyatt's studies. Mr. D. Thaanum of Hilo, Hawaii, has contributed large series of Hawaiian shells of his own col- lecting during many years. Prof. George Wagner submitted a large series of the shells of Molokai from the zoological museum of the University of Wisconsin. This collection was made by Dr. W. J. Goodhue, an American physician at the leper colony, and received through Father Dutton. Other shells for study have been received from Mr. E. P. Van Duzee of Buffalo, N. Y. (taken by his father, 1837-40), and from Mr. Arthur H. Nor- ton, Curator of the Portland Society of Natural History. For specimens and information pertaining to particular species we are indebted to others, as acknowledged in the text. Finally, I would express my appreciation of the careful work of Miss Helen Winchester, who drew on stone the 884 figures illus- trating this volume. H. A. P. October, 1911. INTRODUCTION. Evolution and Zoogeography of the Amastrince. I. Achatinellidae the new incarnation of an ancient phy- lum. II. Geologic and topographic data bearing on the evo- lution of Achatinellidas. III. Means of dispersal. IV. Centers of radiation. V. Systematic and geographic relationships of genera and sub genera, VI. Probable sequence of events determining evolution of the Hawaiian fauna. I. The Achatinellidce are a branch of the primitive and an- cient group Orthurethra, a group comprising most of the land Pulmouata of the Pacific islands, including also the families Partulidcs, Tornatellinidce and Pupillida?. Such evi- dence as we have leads us to infer the existence of Orthure- throus snails in the Pacific for a very long time, probably since the Palaeozoic. The total absence of modern types of land Pulmonata in these archipelagos, as I have elsewhere argued, is against the view that their snail faunas are solely due to waifs from the continents, adventitiously stranded from time to time. By analogy with generic and family groups of known age in Europe and America, it seems likely that the Achatinellidtf were already differentiated as a family before the beginning of the Tertiary. Yet the rather close relationship of the genera of Amastrince, and the even greater proximity of the genera of Achatinellina?, seem to tell of a rather sudden expansion (xi) Xll INTRODUCTION. or rejuvenescence of the old stock in comparatively modern (Tertiary) time. The aspect of youthful exuberance in the Achatinellid fauna is remarkable. Phylogerontic or aged groups, such as are usually common in old island faunas, are conspicuously wanting. Everywhere intense local differen- tiation is in progress. II. The Hawaiian Islands are, as is well known, volcanic masses standing upon the southeastern end of a submarine ridge, over 1,700 miles in length, stretching from Ocean and Mid- way Islands to Hawaii, and rising from a depth of about 3,000 fathoms. The present islands being wholly volcanic, so far as known, many geologists have assumed that the entire ridge has been built up of volcanic materials. This inference is unsupported by evidence. The Andean ridge is not wholly volcanic because it is crowned by great volcanoes. It is quite possible that the Midway-Hawaiian ridge is a product of dia- strophism which preceded the volcanic period. However this may be, the richness and peculiarity of the fauna and flora, and the belief that the volcanic islands as they now stand are probably of no great age, has led to the hypothesis that for- merly a much greater land area existed, now lost by subsi- dence. So conservative a zoogeographer as Wallace considers this probable ; and except for an advocate of special creation, the theory of a land area antecedent to the present volcanic islands seems necessary to account for the faunal character- istics. That there has been a progressive deepening or sink- ing of the floor in the great oceanic basins is a view now generally held, which, if well founded, accounts for the sub- sidence of the Hawaiian ridge. The absence of drowned valleys and fjords, as well as the great sea-cliffs where the waves have gnawed deep into the peripheral volcanic deposits, speak against recent subsidence. There is evidence of slight elevation in some places; but the islands seem to have remained practically stationary since the cessation of volcanic activity in the older masses. Geologists are chary of expressing an opinion on the age of the volcanic INTRODUCTION. Xlll masses, in the total absence of palseontologic evidence. Those best acquainted with aqueous erosion as displayed in the Grand Canyon, etc., hold the opinion that the furrowing of the older Hawaiian volcanoes may readily have been accom- plished in Neocene time, and possibly since the beginning of the Pliocene. In this stationary period of the islands, during which the present complex topography has been developed from simple, unfurrowed slopes, the specific and varietal evolution of the Achatinellidte seems largely to have taken place. The topo- graphic features more or less closely coincide with or define the ranges of species and varieties. The development of topography and the evolution of species and varieties evi- dently proceeded pari passu. In former times, before the slopes became so rugged and the contrasts of ridge and valley conditions so emphatic, species doubtless spread much more freely than they do under present conditions. Thus in Hawaii Amastra flavescens has spread from the Hamakua district down to the southeastern slope of Mauna Loa. With subsequent isolation the more plastic of these widely-spread forms have evolved into chains of allied species or races. Precisely similar phenomena have been recorded by the author from the mountain chains of southern Arizona, where the bed of a canyon may separate distinct but related species. Dana was the first to show that the Hawaiian volcanoes are progressively newer toward the southeast. Button qualifies this generalization : in the northwest they became inactive longer ago, and have therefore been sculptured by erosive activities for a longer time. In fact, Kauai, western Oahu, West Maui and northwestern Hawaii are long-extinct vol- canic masses; eastern Oahu and East Maui newer, and the rest of Hawaii still in building. So far as is known, the Kohala region in Hawaii may be as old as Kauai. Dana's generalization, which is thus subject to consider- able qualification, was doubtless the basis of Professor Hyatt's hypothesis that the snails migrated from island to island, from Kauai southeastward. A considerable acquaintance with land shells causes me to doubt whether snails of moderate XIV INTRODUCTION. or large size have often been spread by the accidental means invoked to explain inter-island distribution, though we have the strongest evidence that small or minute land snails have spread, probably by hurricanes, over considerable distances. The actual facts of distribution of Hawaiian Island snails do not indicate, to my mind, a migration from Kauai. III. The logical geographic boundaries of most species of Achati- nellidcc give excellent ground for the belief that the present distribution of all the larger species has been attained by their own means of locomotion, and that unusual or so-called accidental carriage, as by birds, drifting trees, etc., has been so rare as to be negligible. No evidence whatever of such carriage is known to me. It is likely that Unionid glochidia, Ancyli, or some other fresh-water mollusks may sometimes be transported by water-fowl, but I know of no North American land snail of moderate or large size, whose distribution re- quires such a hypothesis, excepting Liguus and Hemitrochus in Florida, which seem to have reached our shores without land communication. These snails inhabit trees on the keys of Florida wooded islets 'but a few feet above the seas, some- times actually swept by the waves, so that their transporta- tion on drifting trees, as advocated by Mr. C. T. Simpson and others, seems possible, yet even in these cases the eggs may have been carried by hurricanes. In the Hawaiian Islands the Achatinellida: inhabit mountain forests ; there are no rivers to transport trees carrying snails to the sea. Even if so transported, the chance is almost infinitely remote that if cast up on another island the conditions on the shore would be favorable for such snails. If the transportation of arbo- real Achatinellidae by such means is improbable, that of large terrestrial forms is even more difficult. It is hardly worth while alluding to the possibility of these snails being trans- ported by birds, since everybody having practical knowledge of land snails understands the absurdity of such a proposition. As mentioned above, hurricanes have doubtless been in- strumental in spreading minute species of land snails. If INTRODUCTION. XV snails, why not their eggs? This I believe explains the wide distribution of -closely related Leptachatinas. This genus alone, in the Achatinellidtz, is oviparous; and in it alone the minor groups are distributed widely, while in the other (viviparous) genera, the minor groups are special to the several islands. The young snails at birth are many times heavier than the eggs of snails of like size, and probably are not carried far by the wind, else they would become more widely spread locally. If we have no logical ground for the belief that the vivipar- ous Achatinellida' have been spread over sea from island to island by such means as we have just considered, how has their spread been effected? Only by the traveling of the snails themselves over land and through forests now sub- merged. No other hypothesis is adequate to explain the facts of distribution, and the mutual affinities of the several island faunas. IV. CENTERS OF DISPERSAL. While none but palseontological evidence can be considered entirely conclusive in determin- ing the area of origin and original dispersal of a group, yet in dealing with groups of sedentary, closely related, and strictly localized species, in a limited area, there cannot be much chance of error in holding that the region of greatest variety and abundance of such forms has been their center of evolution. Thus, in Oahu the eastern half of the main or Koolau range has fifteen species and many varieties of the group Metamastra, while the Waianae range has but three species, of which two are specifically identical with main range forms, the other closely related to them. The evidence is therefore very strong that the center of radiation of this group of species was in the eastern half of the main range, where also fossil species have been found, the few Waianae species being recent emigrants. By similar reasoning I con- clude that the radiation-center of the group Paramastra was in the Waianae (Kaala or Western) range. By the same 'criteria, the typical group of Amastra, -Heteramastra and XVI INTRODUCTION. Laminella arose in and radiated from the Molokai-Maui cen- ter, etcetera. V. Structural and Geographic Relationships of Amastrince. Of the several subgenera of Amastra, we consider Amastrella nearest to the primitive progenitor of the group, because of the simplicity or lack of specialization in any part of the shell. All of the other groups have some special modifica- tion of shape, columellar lamella, embryonic whorls, or cuticle, which render it unlikely that any of them is so near to the original stock. The wide distribution of Amastrella, from Kauai to Hawaii a range greater than that of any other Achatinellid group except Leptachatina is also favorable to the theory that it is an old, unchanged group. Cyclamastra differs from Amastrella only by its open umbilicus, is also widely spread, from Kauai to Maui, and is apparently an early branch of Amastrella, the two being collateral phyla. The Kauaian groups Kauaia, Armiella and Carelia stand much closer to Amastrella than to any other group, and have, in our opinion, been derived from Amastrellan ancestors. If so, all Kauian Achatinellidce have been evolved from a primi- tive fauna composed of Leptachatina, Amastrella and Cycla- mastra. In the island of Hawaii, Achatinellidce are almost entirely confined to the old northern portion of the island, where the family is represented by two groups of Amastrella, and a fossil species of Heteramastra. The few arboreal Achatinellas are related to Mauian forms. The intermediate islands fall into two groups (a) Oahu, and (&) Molokai, Lanai and Maui. The fauna of these three islands is so homogeneous that there cannot be much doubt that they were formerly united into one large island. The 'Chance that so many groups could attain a foothold on the three islands by adventitious means is so remote as to be negligible. It is >on these two groups of intermediate islands that the Achatinellidcu reach their greatest development in numbers and diversity. Leptachatina, Cyclamastra, Amas- INTRODUCTION. xvii trella, Laminella and Pterodiscus are common to both the Oahu and the Molokai-Lanai-Maui centers. (a) Oahu has two special groups, Metamastra and Para- mastra, both believed to have evolved from Amastrella, and the genera Armsia and Planamastra, derived from Cycla- mastran stock. The scarcity of Laminella species may be due to the competition of Achatinella, which is the dominant ar- boreal group. (b) Besides the groups possessed in common with Oahu, the Molokai-Lanai-Maui area has all of the typical section of Amastra, all the Heteramastras except one Hawaiian species, and nearly all of the genus Laminella. Probably all of these groups were evolved from Amastrellan ancestors in this area. Several groups of Acliatinellince are special to this tract. VI. From the affinities and the geographic relations of the several groups, as sketched above and discussed in detail in this work, we infer the following sequence of events, prob- ably beginning in Mesozoic, possibly in Eocene, time : I. The Hawaiian area, from northern Hawaii to and prob- ably far beyond Kauai, formed one large island which was inhabited by the primitive Amastrinae, ancestral forms of Leptachatina, Amastrella and Cyclamastra. This pan-Hawa- iian land, whatever its structure, preceded the era of vul- canism which gave their present topography to the islands, and probably dates from the Palaeozoic (Fig. 1). II. Volcanic activity built up the older masses, subsidence following, Kauai being the first island dismembered from the Pan-Hawaiian area. The groups Carelia, Armiella and Ka- uaia were subsequently evolved thereon from the Amastrellan stock. Meantime the differentiation of Amastrine groups from the primitive Amastrellae and Cyclamastrae began on the larger land-area remaining (Fig. 2). III. Northern Hawaii was next isolated by formation of the Alenuihana Channel, leaving a large intermediate island, which included the present islands of Oahu, Molokai, Lanai and Maui. Four Stages in the Development of the Hawaiian Archipelago. INTRODUCTION. XIX IV. In the eastern end of this Oahu-Maui island Laminella arose from Amastroid, and in the west, Pterodiscus was evolved from Cyclamastra stock. V. (Fig. 3.) The Oahuan and the Molokai-Lanai-Mauian areas were sundered by subsidence of the Kaiwi Channel. (a) In Oahu there were two centers, probably two islands, a western or "Waianae, and an eastern or Koolau area. In the Waianae center, Paramastra, Planamastra and Armsia were differentiated, while Metamastra arose from Amastrella in the Koolau area, where arboreal Achatinellidce chiefly flour- ished. In late Pliocene or Pleistocene time a forested con- nection was established between the two Oahuan evolution- centers. This transitory connection allowed some inter- mingling of the two faunas; but while the land connection endured to the present time, the forests became extinct, again isolating the two centers so far as arboreal or forest snails are concerned. (&) That the eastern or Molokai-Lanai-Maui region formed a single large island up to late Pliocene or even, to Pleistocene time is evident from the very close relationship of the faunas of those islands. In view of the intense local differentiation everywhere observed in the Hawaiian group, we could hardly expect closer relations between the species of these three islands if they were still united. Various Achatinellinse of Partulina type, the typical group of Amastra (found nowhere else), the subgenus Heteramastra and the genus Laminella, are the chief groups of this area. Probably all had been differentiated before the separation from Oahu, though part of them never spread, apparently, so far as that island. The formation of channels between Molokai, Lanai and Maui must be considered a very recent event. These islands stand on a common platform within the 100-fathom line (see fig. 4, rep- resenting the present islands, the 100-fathom contour in broken line). XX ACHATINELLID^. Family ACHATINELLIDJE Tryon. Achatinellidcz TEYON, Structural and Systematic Conchology, iii, 1884, p. 64, exclusive of Auriculella and Tornatellina. Orthurethrous land snails having an oblong, ovate or rarely Helicoid shell, umbilicate or imperforate, generally with a sipiral columellar lamella in the last whorl, the outer lip simple or thickened, not reflexed; no parietal lamella or tooth. Kidney not much longer than the pericardium, passing into a long ureter reaching nearly to the collar. Venation of the lung extremely minute, the pulmonary vein having no large 'branches. Penis bears a long appendix; vas deferens free throughout. Spermatheca imbedded in the albumen gland, its duct long. Tentacular retractor muscles free from the columellar muscle throughout. This family is confined to the Hawaiian Islands, with the exception of the genus Fernandezia from Juan Fernandez, now placed here provisionally. No other forms, living or fossil, are known from other regions. It is rather remotely related to the Partulidcz, more closely to the F erussacidce ; and the minute Tornatellinidce are probably not distant. Two very strongly differentiated subfamilies exist. ACHATINELLKSLE, arboreal forms, usually with light or bright-colored shell, the sculpture of embryonic shell spiral when present, jaw extremely thin, teeth of peculiar shape and in v-shaped transverse rows (see vol. XXII). AMASTRHSLE. Mainly terrestrial snails with less conspic- uous coloration, the apical sculpture generally axial when present, jaw stronger, teeth (see p. 129) resembling those of Achatinida, in nearly straight, transverse rows. Key to Genera of Amastrina. a. Oviparous ; shell ovate-conic or oblong-conic, glossy, rather small (5 to 15 mm.), the apex obtuse, rounded. &. Forms from Juan Fernandez. Genus FERNANDEZIA, p. 93. ft 1 . Hawaiian forms. Genus LEPTACHATINA, p. 1. a 1 . Viviparous. 6. Shell Heliciform, much wider than high, umbilicate. c. Embryonic whorls projecting, convex, last ACHATINELLID^E. XXI whorl descending in front; peristome ex-' panded; no columellar lamella. Genus AEMSIA, p. 132. c 1 . Embryonic whorls flattened. d. Planorboid; no columellar lamella; um- bilicus very wide. Genus PLANAMASTRA, p. 129. d 1 . Biconvex, fragile, umbilicus moderate or small, contained 4 to 10 times in the diameter; columellar lamella more or less strongly developed. Genus PTERODISCUS, p. 118. 6 1 . Shell globose-conic, ovate or columnar. c. Shell imperforate, columnar or oblong, rather large (length 25 to 75 mm.), solid, with con- vexly conic summit of flat whorls; columellar lamella small; usually dark-colored. Genus CARELIA, p. 100. c 1 . Shell umbilicate, perforate or closed, usually ovate-iconic, but varying from globose-conic to turrited; usually dull-colored and dextral; living on the ground. Genus AMASTRA, p. 133. c 2 . Shell usually perforate, ovate or turrite, yel- low, pink or whitish, sometimes uniform, but usually with zigzag black stripes or dots; columellar lamella strong. Living on plants, never on the ground. Genus LAMINELLA, p. 323. Carelia Planamastra Amastra Armiella Kauaia Pterodiscus Laminella- Paramastra A mastrell a C yclamastr a Armsia Metamastra Leptachatina Approximate Phylogeny of Genera and Subgenera of Amastrinse. XX11 ACHATINELLHXE. saosiaoHaxj visreay ec co cc co 6 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP P. 44a. L. vitreola parvula Gulick. PI. 2, fig. below 28. ' ' Shell dextral, imperf orate, conic-oblong, thin, shining, pel- lucid, glossy, of amber hue, microscopically very finely striated; apex obtuse; spire convexly conical; suture simple, moderately impressed; whorls 6, rather convex; columella with a light internal plait; aperture pyriform; peristome simple, unreflected; with columellar margin narrow, adnate; parietal margin wanting. Length 6%, diam. 4 mm. ; average weight 0.1 grain. Nearly of the size and color of A. grani- fera, but of a more cylindrically oblong shape, with a nar- rower base" (Gulick). The type locality was unknown. Mr. Sykes has figured the type, his figure being copied on my plate, between figs. 27 and 35. 45. L. GUTTULA (Gould). PI. 2, figs. 34, 35, 36. "Shell small, thin, translucid, shining, short ovate, yellow- ish-green, slightly striated lengthwise, with sometimes a faint appearance of revolving bands. Whorls 6, short, slightly con- vex, the last tumid, more than half the length of the shell. Aperture small, lunate; lip white, thickened, strongly trun- cate at the base ; columella short, furnished with a small fold, the penultimate whorl covered with a callus. Length %, diam. 3/16 inch. ' ' ( Gould. ) Maui (Old.) : East Maiii (Baldwin). Achatmella guttula GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc., ii, 1845, p. 201; U. S. Exp. Exp.. Moll., p. 89, pi. 7, figs. 98, 99.- NEWC., Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1858, p. 315. PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., iii, p. 467. Achatinella (Leptachatina) guttula PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 567; vi, p. 185; .viii, p. 247. Lepta- chatina guttula PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1869, p. 651. -SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, 1900, p. 363. "One of the smallest, and proportionally the shortest of the group, its length being but little greater than its breadth. It is much more ventricose and less solid than A. accincta Migh." (Old.) The measurements in both of Gould's descriptions are probably wrong. In both of these he says, in his notes, that LEPTACHATINA, GROUP P. :57 the length is but "little greater than its breadth." The type specimen in the National Museum, Washington, and his fig- ures, show that "i/g" is probably a misprint for 1/3. His figure, natural size, is 8.0 mm. long and 4.3 broad. I cannot follow Newcomb in considering L. gummea Gul., identical with this species. A specimen of guttula carefully compared with the type (and agreeing closely) has more or less the characters of a Kauaian shell. There is an acute thick callus along the face of the columella. The lip is strongly thickened and there is quite a thick callus on the parietal wall. This specimen measures : Length 7.5, diam. 4.1, length of ap. 3.7 mm. This is quite close to the corrected Gould's measurements 8.3x4.7 mm. Gould's figure of the type of L. guttula is copied, pi. 2, fig. 34. 46. L. SUBOVATA n. sp. PI. 11, fig. 2. The shell is imperforate, elongately ovate, brownish, thin diaphanous, glossy, under a lens minutely striate with lines of growth. 'Spire narrowly conic, with slightly convex outlines, apex somewhat obtuse. Suture scarcely impressed, margined with a rather indistinct narrow line. Whorls 6, increasing rather rapidly, very slightly convex, the last elongate, cylin- drical, tapering gradually to the base. Aperture subovate, very slightly oblique and slightly diagonal. Columella slightly twisted, brownish corneous, with a very thin acute callus along its face; columellar fold basal, rather strong, oblique. Outer lip regularly curved, thickened within, white; columellar margin appressed, adnate. Length 7.3, diam. 3.4, length of ap. 3.3 mm. Lanai (Thaanum). A rather abundant species approaching L. ovata from West Maui. The latter is, however, slightly lighter colored and thinner, more pellucid, glossier and broader in proportion to its length. In L. subovata the penultimate whorl is slightly more convex. A few specimens have a narrow dark brown band at the suture. 38 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP F. 47. L. ARBOREA Sykes. PI. 1, figs. 5, 6, 7. "Shell ovately oblong; turrited, thin or somewhat thin r dextral, corneous, very lightly longitudinally striate ; whorls 6-7, flatly convex, the last equal to % of the length of the shell; suture well impressed; aperture quadrately ovate, with the dextral margin slightly thickened, with the eolumellar margin vertical, thickened, reflexed, furnished with a small scarcely conspicuous fold. Length 8.0, diam. 3.6 mm." (Sykes.) Hawaii: Kona at 4000 feet (Perkins); Olaa (Baldwin, Thaanu) ; Hamakua, subfossil (Ancey) ; Kaiwiki (Thaa- num). Leptachatina arborea SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, 1900, p. 357, pi. xi, fig. 21. ANCEY, Journ. of Malac. xi, 1904, p. 69. The plica is very inconspicous ; the color becomes lighter in adult specimens, and then the polished, transparent gloss disappears and the shell becomes of a straw color. Over thirty specimens were collected by Mr. Perkins; they vary slightly in shape, a few being broader in proportion to the length, and having more inflated whorls. Mr. Baldwin sends me the following note: "It is found on the candle-nut tree (Aleurites moluccana), among the leaves of the bird-nest fern (Asplenium nidus) , sometimes at the height of 30 or 40 feet. All other known species of Leptachatina are terrestrial, living under rocks or on dead leaves and decaying wood." 48. L. SIMPLEX Pease. PI. 1, figs. 8, 9. "Shell dextral, somewhat thin, shining, imperf orate, abbre- viately or elongaitely ovate, longitudinally lightly striate, sometimes narrowly margined at the suture, corneous ; whorls 6, flatly convex; aperture vertical, ovate; columellar fold white, basal, oblique, twisted; lip thickened. Length 8.0, diam. 3-4 mm." (Pease.) Hawaii: Kona at 3000-4000 feet (Perkins); Waimea (Thaanum, Lyons, Baldwin, Henshaw and Lyman) . Leptachatina simplex PEASE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1869, p. 170. Achatinella (Leptachatina) simplex PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., viii, p. 247. Leptachatina simplex HARTMAN, Proc. A. LEPTACHATINA, GROUP F. 39 N. S. Phil., 1888, p. 55. SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, 1900, p. 369. ANCEY, Journ. of Malac. xi, 1904, p. 69. Two specimens, presented by Pease to the Philadelphia Academy, have the following measurements : 7.5 x 3.4 and 6.7 x 3.0 mm. The species belongs to the same type of shell as L. vitreola Gul., L. conicoides Sykes, etc. It is characterized by its elongate spire, which has slightly convex outlines, and rather small perpendicular aperture. The species does not seem to be found in the fossil material from Mana. A specimen re- ceived from Pease is figured. 49. L. ANCEYANA n. sp. PI. 1, figs. 18, 19. The shell is minutely perforate, narrowly ovately conic, whitish (in fossil state), thin, under a lens minutely striate with lines of growth, the embryonic whorls smooth, glossy. Spire ovately conic, apex subobtuse. Suture simple, hardly impressed. Whorls 5%, slightly convex, the last elongate, subcylindrical, tapering to the base. Aperture oblique, nearly perpendicular, subovate, acute at both ends. Columella nearly straight, with a minute, oblique fold. Outer lip slightly arcuate, thickened within, columellar margin reflexed, subadnate, thin, with an acute longitudinal callus along its face. Umbilicus minute, subcircular. Length 5.4, diam. 2.5, length of aperture 2.5 mm. Hawaii: Mana, fossil (Henshaw). A small species unlike anything from Hawaii. Somewhat like L. ovata from Maui, but smaller and narrower in pro- portion to its length. The surface is minutely and very closely striate with lines of growth. This species is rather abundant in the fossil deposits explored by Dr. Henshaw in Mana. 50. L. DEFUNCTA n. sp. PI. 1, fig. 16. The shell is imperf orate (sometimes minutely perforate), acuminately conic, whitish (in fossil state), embryonic whorls smooth, glossy, the rest dull, under a lens minutely striate with lines of growth. Spire elongately conic, apex obtuse. 40 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP G. Suture slightly impressed, faintly and narrowly margined. Whorls 7, the third and fourth nearly flat, the rest slightly convex, the last elongate, tapering to the base. Aperture subovate, slightly oblique, nearly perpendicular. Columella nearly straight, with a rather strong oblique fold. Outer lip regularly arcuate, thickened within, columellar margin thick- ened, reflexed adnate. Length 9.0, diam. 3.8, length of ap. 3.5 mm. Hawaii: Mana, fossil (Henshaw). A rather variable species in size ; one measures, length 10.4, diam. 4.8, length of ap. 4.3 mm. The aperture is small and very broad in proportion to its length. 51. L. LEPIDA n. sp. PI. 1, figs. 12, 13. The shell is imperf orate (rarely perforate), ovately coni- cal, brownish corneous, thin, subdiaphanous, glossy, under a lens minutely striate with lines of growth. Spire conic, apex blunt. Suture simple, scarcely impressed. Whorls 6, nearly flat, the last slightly rotundate, tapering to the base. Aperture subovate, rather broad, oblique, very slightly dia- gonal. Columella subtrimcate, with a rather strong, oblique fold. Outer lip moderately arcuate, thickened within, white; columellar margin thickened, reflexed, adnate. Length 6.5, diam. 3.3, length of ap. 2.9 mm. Hawaii: Mana (Thaanum). From L. simplex this species differs in being smaller, with the same number of whorls, thicker, the whorls are flatter and the spire is shorter and more conic in outline. G. Group of L. nitida. 52. L. PUMIDA (Gulick). PI. 3, fig. 58. "Shell dextral, imperf orate, ovate conic, thin, shining, pel- lucid, corneous, with a dark line accompanying the suture, microscopically very finely striated ; apex somewhat obtuse, pallid; spire convexly conical; suture simple, scarcely im- pressed ; whorls 7, rather flat ; columellar fold central, white, lamellif orrn ; aperture pyrif orm ; peristome simple ; with dex- LEPTACHATINA, GROUP G. 41 tral margin unreflected, semicircular; eolumellar margin di- lated, white, adnate; parietal margin very thin, white. Length 8.0, diam. 4.3, length of body whorl 5.3 mm." (Gulick.) Oahu: Waialei, Pupukea, Waimea, Kawailoa, Helemanu (Gulick) ; Waialua (Lyman) ; Waianae Mts., back of Leile- hua (Cooke). Achatinella fumida GULICK, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1856, p. 181, pi. 6, fig. 9. Achatinella vitrea NEWCOMB, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1858, p. 328. Achatinella (Leptachatina) vitrea, PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., vi, p. 183. Achatinella (Leptachatina) nitida ? PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., vi, p. 184. - - Leptachatina fumida SYKES, P. Malac. Soc. London, iii, pi. 14, fig. 15; Fauna Haw., ii, 1900, p. 362. L. fumida is somewhat closely related to L. gunimea Gulick. It differs in its slightly more convex spire and its aperture is more perpendicular. It has no relationship with L. cingula Migh. (L. vitrea Newc.). The measurements of two specimens are : Length 8.0, diam. 4.2, length of apert. 3.7 mm. P. A. N. S. 91876. Length 7.3, diam. 3.8, length of apert. 3.3 mm. Wailua. 53. L. CORUSCANS Hartman. PI. 6, figs. 6, 7. "Shell dextral, ovate, very thin and polished, spire one- third the length; apex obtuse, whorls 4 1 /o, rounded, the last one and a half inflated; suture impressed, aperture semi- ovate, with a very thin white lamellar tooth near the base; labium slightly thickened within and white, color amber. Length 9.0, diam. 4.5, length of ap. 3.5, diam. 2.5 mm." (Hartman.) Moloka.i: Kamalo (Baldwin) ; Kapanui, Kolamaula. and at 4000 ft. (Perkins) ; Mapulehu Ridge (Thaanum). Leptachatina coruscans HARTMAN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1888, p. 52, pi. 1, fig. 16. SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, Moll., p. 360. Dr. Hartman must have miscounted the number of whorls in his type specimen, as a photograph of the type, in the col- 42 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP G. lection of the Philadelphia Academy has from 5 to 6 whorls. I know of no species of Leptachatina, when adult, with as few as 41/9 whorls. Adult specimens usually have from 5^ to 6y 2 whorls. This species is very variable in thickness and color. Some of the specimens are dark brown with intergrades to light greenish corneous. It also varies from ovate to ovate tur- rited in form. 53.-m$i" ^ . ,ftii'-, '-. -, '-. . v : 20 Achatinellidee PLATE 7 : T - ; l vm \ 1 43 Aehatineilidee PLATE 8 " 63 64- Achatinellidae PLATE 9 2 ! '"' 8 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP N. 65 seems to be related to L. lucida Pse. from Kauai. It is how- ever, larger, thicker and more strongly sculptured. The em- bryonic whorls are smooth and glossy, the aperture per- pendicular. One specimen from Waialua has the following dimensions; length 8, diam. 3.3, alt. of aperture 3.1. 84. L. SEHICOSTATA (Pfeiffer). "Shell subumbilicate, dextral, turrited, somewhat solid, closely costate, shining, chestnut corneous ; spire elongate, con- vexly conical, somewhat obtuse ; suture impressed ; whorls 8y 2 , slightly convex, the last hardly equalling % of the length, below the periphery smooth, pale, attenuate, base saccate- ctimpressed ; aperture slightly oblique, sinuately oblong ; colu- mellar fold broad, oblique, white; lip simple, unexpanded, margin of the colurnella reflexed, spreading throughout. Length 9.5, diam. 4mm." (Pfr.) Hawaiian Islands (Pfeiffer). Achatinella (Leptachatina) semicostata PFEIFFEB, P. Z. S. London, 1855 (1856), p. 206; Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 565.- NEWCOMB, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1858, p. 322, 330. Lepta- chatina semicostata PEASE, P. Z. S., 1869, p. 651. A remarkable species with a very narrow aperture. I know of no species to which it may be related, and from the shell characters there is no clue as to which island it may have come from. I agree with Mr. Sykes that this species is not L. fusca Newc. as Newcomb suggested. 85. L. LANCEOLATA n. sp. PI. 6, figs. 12, 13. The shell is imperforate, elongate, attenuately conic, yellow- ish corneous, thin, subdiaphanous, glossy, under a lens regu- larly and minutely striate or costulate. Spire acutely conic, _apex obtuse. Suture hardly impressed, narrowly margined, slightly crenulate. Whorls 6%, nearly flat, the last subcylin- drical, tapering towards the base. Aperture slightly oblique, perpendicular, pyriform. Columella nearly straight, with a very oblique, minute fold. Outer lip slightly arcuate, slightly thickened within, columellar margin reflexed, adnate. Length 6.0, diam. 2.4, length of ap. 2.4 mm. 66 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP N. Molokai: Kamalo (Thaanum), near Waikolu (Cooke). L. lanceolata is most nearly related to L. baldwini, from West Maui. It differs in its more attenuate form, narrower aperture, etc. 86. L. IMPRESSA Sykes. PI. 6, fig. 18. "The shell is imperforate, dextral, oblong, pellucid, shin- ing, pale corneous, striate; spire elongate, apex obtuse; suture impressed; whorls 7 1 /2, slightly convex, the last equal to one-half the length of the shell; aperture sinuately pyri- form; lip simple, thin, dextral margin erect, arcuate, colu- mellar margin narrow, adnate, parietal margin lacking. Length 7.0, diam. 2.5 mm." (Sykes.) Lanai (Thaanum): mountains behind Koele (Perkins). Leptachatina impressa SYKES, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, ii, 1896, p. 127 ; Fauna Haw., ii, p. 364, pi. xi, fig. 8. A small elongate species related to L. lanceolata from Molokai and to L. baldwini from Maui, but slightly more costate than either of these two species. The species is well represented in Mr. Thaanum 's collec- tion. In fresh specimens, the shells are a unicolorous light brown to rather dark shade of brown ; a few specimens have a broad dark brown band' just above the periphery. PI. 6, fig. 18 is a copy of the original figure. 87. L. SUPRACOSTATA Sykes. PI. 6, fig. 19. "Shell elongate, turrited, imperforate, dextral, thin, corn- eous, polished ; whorls 8, the last equal to % the length of the shell, the first subcostulate- near the sutures, the rest almost smooth; suture impressed, marginate, marked with a spiral line; aperture lunate, columella subarcuate; dextral margin slightly thickened, columellar margin subreflexed, furnished with a very small, obliquely twisted fold. Length 6.3, diam. 2.0 mm." (Sykes.) Lanai: mountains behind Koele (Perkins). Leptachatina supracostata SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, ii, p. 370, pi. xi, fig. 22. "Only two specimens. It belongs to the group of L. exilis LEPTACHATINA, GROUP N. 67 Gulick; it is inconspicuously costulate below the suture, the sculpture gradually fading out, until the last whorl hardly shows any marking beyond the lines of growth. There is a faint spiral line just below the suture." (Sykes.) I have referred to this species three lots of shells in Mr. Thaanum's collection. The shells do not agree with Mr. Sykes' measurements but they have the other characteristics fairly well represented. A well developed specimen, with 10%' whorls has the fol- lowing measurements : length 9.3, diam. 3.0, 1. of ap. 2.8 mm. If these shells do not belong to L. supracostata they must be an undescribed species. Fig. 19 is a copy of that of Mr. Sykes. 88. L. LANAIENSIS n. sp. PI. 12, figs. 2, 3. The shell is minutely perforate, elongate, light corneous, thin, subdiaphanous, of a silky lustre, finely and closely cos- tate (except the embryonic whorls), the costae thin. Spire elongately conic, slightly attenuate above, apex obtuse. Suture simple, slightly impressed. Whorls S 1 /?, convex, closely coiled, the last subcylindrical, tapering to the base. Aperture narrowly ovate, acute at both ends, very slightly oblique and slightly diagonal. Columella nearly straight, slightly callous along its face, with a rather small oblique fold extending to the margin. Outer lip very slightly thick- ened within, regularly curved to the base of the columella; columellar margin thin, adnate for about one-half of its length, both margins united by a thin transparent parietal callus. Umbilicus minute. Length 8.0, diam. 3.2, length of ap. 3.0 mm. Lanai ( Thaanum) . This species is much more abundant than L. impressa, Sykes to which it is closely related. It differs in being broader in proportion to its length, thinner, with finer and closer striae, the whorls are more convex, and it is always minutely perforate. There are two color forms besides the one noted above : one a brownish corneous and the other light corneous with a dark 68 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP N. sutural band. A few specimens also vary in having an al- most smooth surface. 89. L. TENUICOSTATA Pease. PI. 1, figs. 10, 11. "Shell thin, dextral imperforate ? elongately ovate, longi- tudinally plicately costate, golden ; whorls 5, convex ; suture well impressed; columellar fold white, small, oblique; lip slightly thickened. Length 7.5, diam. 3.5 mm." (Pease.} Hawaii: Mana fossil (Henshaw, Thaanum). Leptachatina tenuicostata PEASE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1869, p. 170. Achatinella (Leptachatina) tenuicostata PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., viii, p. 250. Leptachatina tenuicostata SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, 1900, p. 371. ANCEY, Journ. Malac. xi, 1904, p. 69. I have been unable to find a single authentic specimen of this species. It is not represented in the Pease collection in Cambridge. Only a few shells from the Mana deposits seem referable to this species. They may be related to L. (Thaa- numia) henshawi Sykes, for in the fossil material all trace of the spiral lines on the embryonic whorls might have been lost. As the shells are imperforate it is probably better to leave the species in Leptachatina s.s. In the fossil material, the columella is nearly straight, with an acute longitudinal thickening along its face; the columellar fold is very deeply seated and oblique; the aperture is narrow, acute at both ends ; there are 6-6% whorls. An average specimen measures : length 8.0, diam. 3.8, length of ap. 3.7 mm. A Mana shell is figured, figs. 10, 11. 90. L. IMITATRIX Sykes. PI. 1, fig. 14. "Shell elongate, turrited, imperforate, dextral, somewhat thin, yellowish corneous, under a lens minutely longitudin- ally striate; whorls 6%, flatly convex, the last equal to 4/7 the length of the shell ; suture impressed ; aperture elongately oval, with the dextral margin arcuate, acute, columellar mar- gin slightly thickened, reflexed, furnished with a very small, inconspicuous fold, the margins united by a thin callus. Length 7.0, diam. 2.6 mm." (Sykes.) LEPTACHATINA, GROUP O. 69 Hawaii: Manna Loa at 4000 feet (Perkins), Hamakua snb fossil (Ancey), Kona (Baldwin). Leptachatina imitatrix SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, ii, 1900, p. 364, pi. xi, fig. 9. ANCEY, Journ. Malac. xi, p. 69. ' ' Only a single specimen. It recalls L. exilis of Gulick, but is more conic, i. e. the upper whorls are narrower in propor- tion and it is of a light straw yellow. The columellar plait is deeply-seated and inconspicuous." (Sykes.} The original figure is copied. Unfortunately the type and only specimen is probably lost. I follow M. Ancey in referring the fossil material to this species. It agrees fairly well with the description, though many of the specimens with over 6 whorls measure only 6.2 mm. In Mr. Baldwin's collection is a shell which I have re- ferred to this species. This shell is broader in proportion to its length, being nearly 3 mm. in diameter; in its other char- acters it agrees closely with Mr. Sykes' description. 0. Group of L. striatula. 91. L. ATTENUATA n. sp. PI. 7, figs. 45, 46. The shell is perforate, elongate, attenuate, brownish corn- eous, rather thin, subdiaphanous, glossy, rather closely costu- late (except on the embryonic whorls) there being 4-6 costae to a millimeter. Spire attenuate, apex subobtuse. Suture finely margined, lightly impressed, slightly crenulate. Whorls 8, very slightly convex, the penultimate slightly more tumid than the rest, the last elongate, somewhat attenuate at the base, slightly ascending near the lip. Aperture subovate, slightly diagonal and very slightly oblique. Columella nearly straight, with a thick, acute callus along its face; columellar fold oblique, strong. Outer lip regularly arcuate, distinctly thickened within ; columellar margin adnate for nearly y 2 its length, almost covering the perforation. Umbilicus minute, with angular margin. Length 13.5, diam. 5.2, length of aperture 5.0 mm. Kauai: Haleieie, Makaweli, Waiakoali, Ekaula (Cooke) ; Hanalei (Lyman, Cooke). This species has been referred to L. acuminata Gld., and 70 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP O. to L. striatula Gld., by various authors. L. acuminata is smoother, more slender, with a longer and narrower aperture and a weaker columellar fold. L. striatula is smaller, with more pronounced costas and a flatter base. Specimens, from Makaweli, measure 12.0 x 4.5 mm. They differ in that the aperture is more diagonal, the suture is usually accompanied with a reddish line and the last whorl ascends more abruptly than in specimens from the type locality (Haleieie). Specimens from Ekaula are more cylindrical in form and have an almost perpendicular aperture. Those from Hanalei measure 10.0 x 4.6 mm. The spire is more turrited and the aperture less diagonal. Unlike most Leptacliatinas this species has a tubular colu- mella, which is almost straight. The young have a rather large, circular umbilicus. 92. L. BALTEATA Pease. PL 7, figs. 27, 28, 30, 31. ' ' The shell is elongate, turrited, imperf orate, dextral, some- what thin, longitudinally closely costulate; whorls 7, flatly convex, the last almost equal to 1/2 the length of the shell; suture impressed, subcrenulate ; aperture subvertical, oval; columella arcuate; columellar fold callous, hardly prominent; lip thickened within; yellow, the last whorl encircled at the middle with a broad reddish brown band ; spire reddish brown, yellow at the suture. Length 11.0, diam. 5.0 mm." (Pse.} Kauai: Wahiawa (Baldwin) ; at 4000 ft. (Perkins) ; Puu- kapele, Halemanu (Cooke). Leptachatina balteata PEASE, P. Z. S., 1869, p. 651 (nom. sol.) ; Journ. de Conchyl., 1870, p. 91. CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1876, pi. iv, fig. 4. SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, 1900, p. 358. Achatinella (Leptachatina') balteata PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., viii, p. 248. There are two color varieties of this species. The color variety, described by Pease (pi. 7, figs. 30, 31, copied from the original figures, and fig. 27) with a broad reddish brown band is rather uncommon ; a unicolorous brownish corneous variety (fig. 28) is more abundant. Shells from Puukapele are LEPTACHATINA, GROUP O. 71 slightly larger than those described by Pease. An average specimen measuring, length 11.3, diam. 5.3, length of aperture 4.6 mm. Those from Halemanu are smaller. A well de- veloped specimen measuring, length 9.2, diam. 4.5, length of aperture 4.1 mm. This species appears to be distantly related to L. fusca Newc., from Oahu. The embryonic whorls are slightly com- pressed and very slightly shouldered, though less so than in the latter species. In L. balteata the embryonic whorls are not strongly striate, but are almost smooth. 93. L. COSTULOSA Pease. PI. 7, fig. 42 ; pi. 12, fig. 6. "The shell is elongate, turrited, thin, imperf orate, dextral, longitudinally closely costulate; whorls 8, somewhat flat, scarcely crenulate at the suture, the last almost equal to % of the length; aperture small, broadly elliptical, subvertical, angulate at the base of the columella; columellar fold small, oblique ; columella erect, callous, white ; lip scarcely thickened ; yellow, often colored with purple at the suture. Length 14.0, diam. 5.0 mm." (Pse.) Kauai (Pease) : Waimea and Kealia (Baldwin). Leptachatina costulosa PEASE, P. Z. S., 1869, p. 651 (nom. sol.} ; Journ. de Conchyl., 1870, p. 90. CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1876, pi. 3, fig. 4. Achatinella (Leptachatina) costulosa PPR., Mon. Hel. Viv., viii, p. 248. "L. striatula Gould is the closest related species to this" (Pse.). I have seen but four specimens which might possibly be referred to this species. These were in Mr. Thaanum's collection and were collected by Mr. Baldwin. The species appears to be more closely allied to L. tenebrosa Pse., than to L. striatula. From the former it differs in being larger, with a broader spire, much lighter in color and with a slightly more diagonal aperture. It may ultimately prove to be a variety of this species. The original figure is copied on pi. 7. 94. L. EXTENSA Pease. PI. 8, fig. 67. "The shell is elongate, slender, imperf orate, dextral, some- what solid, glossy, longitudinally closely impressed striate; 72 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP 0. whorls 9, flatly convex, scarcely angulate and crenulate at the suture ; suture impressed ; spire somewhat obtuse ; aperture small, short, oval, slightly oblique; columella short, simple; columellar fold compressed, scarcely prominent, oblique; lip scarcely thickened; the spire often ashy brown, the last whorl reddish brown. Length 11.0, diam. 4.0 mm." (Pease}. Kauai: Kaholuamano (Perkins) ; Lehuamakanoe, Kumuwela (Cooke). Leptachatina extensa PEASE, P. Z. S., 1869, p. 651 ( nom. sol.) ; Journ. de Conchyl., 1870, p. 92. SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, 1900, p. 362. Achatinella (Leptachatina) extensa PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., viii, p. 249. The shells from Lehuamakanoe are slightly larger and those from Kumuwela slightly smaller than the measurements given by Pease. The former measuring, length 12.5, diam. 4.5, length of aperture 4.0 mm. ; the latter, length 10.1, diam. 3.6, length of aperture 3.4 mm. This species differs from any of the other Kauaian species. Its chief characters are its closely coiled, almost flat whorls and the very fine and close striae. The species seems to re- stricted to the higher altitudes. 95. L. GAYI n. sp. PI. 7, figs. 39, 40. The shell is perforate, ovately turrited, dark brown, thin, subdiaphanous, regularly, though somewhat distantly costate. Spire ovately turrited, apex obtuse. Suture scarcely im- pressed, not margined, crenulate. Whorls 7, nearly flat, rather compressed, the embryonic smooth, yellowish, the last cylindrical above, tapering towards the base. Aperture nearly ovate, slightly angled below, perpendicular, very slightly oblique. Columella straight, not truncate, with a very small, oblique and deeply situated fold and a slight, acute callus along its face. Outer lip regularly curved, thick- ened within. Umbilicus large, (for the genus), nearly cir- cular, with its margin angulate. Length 8.0, diam. 3.8, length of aperture 3.3 mm. Kauai: Makaweli (Cooke). This species is most closely related to L. fusca Newc. from LEPTACHATINA, GROUP O. 73 Oahu and L. fraterna from Kauai. It differs from the former in having a much larger umbilicus, less convex whorls and the embryonic whorls are not striate. In L. fraterna the umbilicus is smaller, the shell larger, the embryonic whorls costulate, etc. 96. L. LEUCOCHILA (Gulick). PL 7, figs. 33 to 38. "Shell dextral, imperf orate, ovately turrited, shining, semipellucid, corneous, with crowded longitudinal strine ; apex obtuse; spire turrited; suture finely margined, moder- ately impressed; whorls 7-8, somewhat convex; columellar fold sub-basal, white; aperture sinuately pyriform; peris- tome pallid, with slight callous thickening; dextral margin unreflected, arcuate ; columellar margin dilated, white, adnate ; parietal margin very thin, corneous. Length 11.0, diam. 4.8, length of body whorl 6.6 mm." (Gul.). Kauai: Milolii, Waipo (Cooke). Achatinella leucochila GULICK, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1856, p. 173, pi. 6, fig. 1. Leptachatina leucochila SYKES, P. Malac. Soc. London, iii, pi. 14, fig. 12 ; Fauna Haw., ii, Moll., p. 365. Achatinella pyramis NEWCOMB, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1858, p. 319. Achatinella (Leptachatina') pyramis PPEIPFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., vi, p. 184. This species is closely related to L. balteata Pse. The sur- face is, however, more glossy and the embryonic whorls are not as compressed as in Pease's species. In all the speci- mens referred to his species there is an additional columellar fold, which is more oblique and deeply situated than the usual fold. This fold is just above the latter, with which it forms a very acute angle. The additional fold is easily seen in specimens which have the columella exposed. This is the only species in which the duplication of the columellar fold has been observed. The shells referred to this species agree closely with shells from Gulick, except that the costaB are slightly further apart and the additional columellar fold is more prominent. One of Gulick 's shells has the following measurements: length 11.4, diam. 5.3, length of aperture 5.1 mm. 74 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP O. Fig. 35 is a copy of Mr. Sykes' figure of Gulick's type. 97. L. PUPOIDEA n. sp. PI. 7, figs. 43, 44. The shell is imperforate, elongate, subcylindrical, brownish corneous, glossy, rather thin, subdiaphanous, very closely costulate (except the embryonic whorls), with about 6-7 costse to a millimeter. Spire narrowly ovate, apex subacute. Suture scarcely impressed, very narrowly margined, crenu- late. Whorls 8, scarcely convex, the last subcyclindrical, with a somewhat tapering base. Aperture perpendicular, slightly oblique, narrowly ovate, acute at both ends. Columella nearly straight, with a rather strong, oblique fold and an acute callus along its face. Outer lip regularly curved, thick- ened within ; columellar margin adnate ; the margins united by a thin, transparent parietal callus, which is spirally striate. Length 11.4, dia.m. 4.5, length of aperture 4.6 mm. Kauai : Milolii, at 1500 ft. (type loc.) ; and Halemanu, at 3500 ft. (Cooke). This species is most closely related to L. costulosa Pse. It differs, however, in size and form; the apex and upper whorls are more attenuate, the shell is thinner and the surface more closely and finely costate. This species is rather abun- dant in the type locality. 98. L. STRIATULA (Gould). PI. 12, figs. 4, 5. "The shell is small, ovately elongate, glossy, greenish, finely and closely longitudinally striate-costate ; whorls 7, convex, the last equal to one-half of the spire ; aperture narrow, semi- lunate; lip whitish, thickened. Length 7/20, diam. 3/20 inch (8.75x3.75 mm.)." (Gld.) Kauai : Makaweli, Kaholuamano, Lihue and at 4000 ft. (Perkins) ; Kipu and Kilohana (near Lihue) (Cooke). Achatinella striatula GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1845, p. 28. Leptachatina striatula PEASE, P. Z. S. London, 1869, p. 651. SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, Moll., p. 370. Acha- tinella clara PFEIFFER, P. Z. S. London, 1845 (Jan., 1846), p. 90 ; Mon. Hel. Viv., ii, p. 242. REEVE, Conch. Icon., Acka- tinella, sp. 5. Achatinella (Leptachatina} clara PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 564. LEPTACHATINA, GROUP O. 75 The bottle in which are the types of this species contains a varied assortment of different species, besides the one de- scribed above. A form, which comes nearest to the descrip- tion, and agrees very closely with some of the shells included in the type lot, is from the district of Lihue. A few of them are nearly equal to Gould's measurements, the majority are slightly larger, and a very few equal or are slightly larger than Pfeiffer's (12.0x4.75 mm.). Small adult specimens from Kipu measure, length 9.2, diam. 4.1, length of ap. 3.2 mm. ; the majority from this locality measure : length 10.0, diam. 4.2, length of ap. 3.5 mm. ; a large specimen of this species has the following measurements: length 12.5, diam. 5.4, length of aperture 4.8 mm. Most of the shells have a dark reddish band at the suture. This species and L. leucochila are very closely related. In the former the whorls are more closely coiled, the suture nearly transverse and scarcely oblique, the surface more closely costate, the last whorl is shorter, more tumid, with a flatter base, the aperture is shorter, broader in proportion to its length and the columella has a single fold. PI. 12, fig. 5 represents the synonymous A. clara Pfr. 99. L. TENEBROSA Pease. PI. 7, figs. 25, 26, 29. "The shell is imperf orate, elongately turrited, solid, longi- tudinally costate; whorls 8, flatly convex, the last equal to y 3 the length of the shell; suture simple, subimpressed ; aper- ture small, oval, angulate at the base of the columella; colu- mella callous, erect; columellar fold strong, scarcely promi- nent; lip thickened; blackish, or reddish brown, apex pale. Length 12.0, diam. 5.0 mm." (Pse.) Kauai: Kaholuamano (Perkins), Halemanu, Puukapele, Kumuwela, Ekaula (Cooke). Leptachatina tenebrosa PEASE, P. Z. S., 1869, p. 651 (worn. sol.) ; Journ. de Conchyl., xviii, p. 92. CROSSE, Journ. de Conchy!., xxiii, 1876, pi. 3, fig. 5. SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, 1900, p. 371. Achatinella (Leptachatina) tenebrosa PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., viii, p. 248. Shells from Puukapele are identical with those of this 76 LEPTACHATINA, S.-G. LABIELLA. species in Pease's collection at Cambridge. A few have an additional whorl and measure 13.5 x 4.9 mm. Specimens from. Kumuwela are slightly more obese and for the most part lighter colored. One with 8 whorls measured 12.8 x 5.3 mm. Those from Halemanu are somewhat smaller. A well de- veloped shell with 8y 2 whorls measured : 11.0 x 4.5 mm. A single shell from Ekaula is quite slender for this species ; it has 9 whorls and measures 12.8 x 4.3 mm. Subgenus LABIELLA Pfeiffer, 1854. Ldbiella PPR., Malak. Blatter, 1854, p. 142 ; P. Z. S., 1855, p. 7. HARTMAN, P. Ac. Phila., 1888, p. 41. H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Recent Moll., ii, p. 139. GULICK, P. Z. S. London, 1873, p. 91. PEASE, P. Z. S., 1869, p. 651. Labiella was proposed by Pfeiffer as a section of Achati- nella for A. labiata, with the following diagnosis "Shell ob- long, solid; columellar fold twisted; lip obtuse, thickened, with a tooth-like callosity within the dextral margin." Hartman followed Pfeiffer in considering Labiella as a, section. H. and A. Adams raised Labiella to subgeneric rank. Gulick (1873) transfered Labiella to a section of Leptacha- tina. Pease raised Labiella to the rank of a full genus. He enumerated twelve species, four of which, (crassilabrum, ellipsoidea, albolabris and subrostrata) belong to the genus Amastra. There are but four species (three from Oahu and one from Maui) which can properly be included in this subgenus. The spire in these species is slightly concave in outline; the upper whorls are closely coiled and increase slowly; the denticle of the outer lip is present in three of the four species. This character is almost or entirely lacking in lagena but as this species is otherwise closely related to labiata it is best to include it in the same subgenus. The denticle was lacking in the type specimen of lenta, but there is a specimen in Mr. Baldwin's collection in which this character is clearly in- dicated. LEPTACHATINA, S.-G. LABIELLA. 77 100. L. LABIATA Newcomb. PI. 3, figs. 45, 49, 55. "Shell dextral, elongate-ovoid, plumbeous except the third whorl, the margin of the outer lip, and along the suture of the last whorl, which are white; whorls 7, flattened; the third narrower than the second; suture slightly margined below; aperture elongate-ovate; columella short, with a strong, plaited projecting tooth; lip thickened, white, with a central internal callosity. Length 0.5," diam. 0.21 inch." (12.5x5.2 mm.) (Newc.) Oahu: Lehui (Newcomb), Mt. Kaala (Baldwin), Palehua, Leilehua and Haleauau in the Waianae Mts. (Cooke). Achatinella labiata NEWCOMB, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1853, p. 27; P. Z. S. London, 1853 (1854), p. 141, pi. 23, fig. 33.- Achatinella (Labiella) labiata PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 530 ; vi, p. 170 ; viii, p. 218. Labiella labiata PEASE, P. Z. S. London, 1869, p. 651. Achatinella dentata PFEIFFER, P. Z. S., London, 1855, p. 7, pi. 30, fig. 27 .Achatinella (La- biella) dentata PFB., Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 530; vi, p. 170; viii, p. 218. Leptachatina (Labiella) labiata SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, Moll., p. 365. Shells from Leilehua are quite large, of a uniform dingy straw-color, hardly shining, with a much thickened lip and having a costiform callus connecting the margins of the aper- ture. Those from Haleauau are very glossy, pinkish brown at the base, darker at the periphery, the spire and upper portion of the last whorl are almost white and the callosity of the outer lip is hardly developed. Those from Palehua have a dark plumbeous (sometimes with a reddish tinge) base, with the spire and upper portion of the last whorl of a rusty straw-color. Specimens from the different localities have the following measurements : Length 14.7, diam. 6.4, length of apert. 6.4 mm. Kaala (Baldwin coll.). Length 13.9, diam. 6.5, length of apert. 6.5 mm. Leilehua. Length 12.2, diam. 5.7, length of apert. 5.9 mm. Haleauau. Length 12.6, diam. 6.0, length of apert. 5.9 mm. Palehua. 78 LEPTACHATINA, S.-G. LABIELLA. Length 11.2, diaxn. 5.5, length of apert. 5.4 mm. Palehua. Fig. 55 is copied from the original figure of A. dentata Pfr. ; fig. 49 from the original of labiata Nc. 101. L. CALLOSA (Pfeiffer). "Shell imperf orate, dextral, fusiform-oblong, solid, lightly striate, white under the tawny epidermis ; spire elongate, ven- tricosely conical, apex somewhat obtuse ; suture slightly ragged; whorls 8, nearly flat, the last a little more than y s of the length, attenuate at the base; columellar fold acutely dentiform, white; aperture scarcely oblique, acuminately elliptical; lip callous, obtuse, dextral margin cbsoletely den- tate within. Length 16, diam. 6 mm." (Pfeiffer.) Oahu (Newcomb). Achatinella (Labietta) callosa PFEIFFER, P. Z. S. London, 1856, p. 334; Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 531; vi, p. 170; viii, p. 218.La~biella callosa PSE., P. Z. S. London, 1869, p. 651.- Leptachatina (Labiella) callosa SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, 1900, p. 358. This species is represented, as far as I know, by the single type specimen in the British Museum. It is very closely re- lated to L. labiata Newc., and may ultimately prove to be an unique specimen of this species. The spires of both species are identical. The only differences are that L. callosa is larger and has a different shaped aperture. 102. L. LAGENA (Gulick). PI. 5, figs. 83, 84, 89. "Shell dextral, imperforate, acuminately ovate, rather solid, dark resinous, very finely striated; apex somewhat ob- tuse, pallid ; spire concavely conical ; suture simple, slightly impressed; whorls 7, rather convex; columellar fold central, white, strongly lamellif orm ; aperture truncately auriform ; peristome somewhat labiate, white or reddish ; dextral margin unreflected, arcuate; columellar margin dilated, white, ad- nate; parietal margin thin, dark corneous. Length 13.0, diam. 6.6, length of body whorl 9.0 mm." (Gulick.) " Var. &. Small, length 10.0, diam. 5.3, length of body whorl 7,3 mm." (Gulick.) LEPTACHATINA, S.-G. LABIELLA. 79 "Var. c. Light corneous, thinner, with lip but slightly thickened. ' ' ( Gulick.} Oahu: Halemanu, Waihiawa, Kalaikoa (Gulick) ; Waianae Mts. back of Leilehua (Cooke). Achatinella lagena GULICK, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1856, p. 175, pi. 6, fig. 3. Achatinella labiata NEWCOMB, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1858, p. 328. Achatinella (Leptachatina} fumosa NEWC., var. ? lagena PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., vi, p. 182. Lepta- chatina lagena SYKES, P. Malac. Soc. London, iii, 1899, pi. 14, fig. 9. Leptachatina (Labiella) labiata SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, 1900, p. 365. L. lagena approaches L. labiata in form ; the spires of both species are similar, but the apertures are entirely distinct. In the former there is no callosity within the outer margin of the lip, which is regularly arcuate and not flattened as in the latter species. L. lagena is also thinner, and dark resinous in color. This species was considered by Newcomb to be an undeveloped L. labiata; but fully adult specimens are easily distinguished from the young of the latter species. Figs. 83, 84 represent a specimen received from Mr. Gulick. 103. L. LENTA n. sp. PI. 2, figs. 23, 24. The shell is imperforate, elongately conic, the embryonic whorls whitish, the rest brown, with a faint reddish line ac- companying the suture, under a lens faintly and irregularly striate with lines of growth. Spire elongately conic, apex rounded. Suture hardly impressed, faintly margined, min- utely crenulate. Whorls 6%, nearly flat, regularly increas- ing, the last subcylindrical, tapering to the base. Aperture narrow, acute at both ends, oblique, perpendicular. Colu- mella nearly straight, with a rather strong oblique fold, and an acute callus along its face. Outer lip arcuate, strongly thickened within, whitish ; columellar margin reflexed, adnate. Length 8.4, diam. 3.7, length of ap. 3.7 mm. West MJaui: Maunahoomaha (Oooke), Wahakuli (Bald- win). A rather interesting species, which seems to be related to L. labiata Newc., from Oahu. It is much smaller than the 80 LEPTACHATINA, S.-G. PAUAHIA. other species belonging to this section, and, in the type speci- men, the denticle on the outer lip is lacking. Unlike any- thing from Maui, except possibly L. compact a, Pse., from which it differs in its more elongate spire and narrower and more perpendicular aperture. A single shell, in Mr. Baldwin's collection, undoubtedly belongs to this species. It is larger than the type specimen, measuring 11.7 x 5.3 mm., and is of a yellowish straw color. The denticle on the outer lip is faintly indicated, though not as pronounced as in specimens of L. labiata. Subgenus PAUAHIA n. subgenus. The shells are imperforate or minutely perforate, cylin- drical, striate, rather thin ; the embryonic whorls are smooth, rounded ; the whorls are closely coiled and increase very slowly and regularly; the columellar fold is rather weak at the aperture but becomes stronger within the shell. In young shells there is a rather strong palatal lamina beginning un- derneath the junction of the lip and extending under the periphery nearly to the margin of the aperture. Type L. artata. This subgeuus is proposed for three species: artata, t ant ilia and chrysallis, all from Oahu. In the first two the rather strong palatal lamina is clearly seen in young specimens, and in the case of artata is faintly indicated in adult specimens. Unfortunately I have not seen any young specimens of cJirysallis, so for the present it is not known whether this species has this character. There is no doubt that chrysallis belongs to this subgenus as it agrees closely in its other sub- generic characters. Pauahia is dedicated to Bernice Pauahi Bishop, in whose memory the museum at Honolulu which bears her name was founded. 104. L. ARTATA n. sp. PI. 13, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4. The shell is imperforate, subcylindrical to subovate, nearly corneous, thin, subdiaphanous, glossy, under a lens minutely and regularly striate with lines of growth. Spire subcylin- LEPTACHATINA, S.-G. PAUAHIA. 81 drical for the last three whorls, the upper 5i/> somewhat con- vex, apex minute, blunt. Suture simple, hardly impressed. Whorls 81/2, the lower of the nepionic rather broader than the early neanic, the latter flat, increasing very slowly in size, the last two whorls nearly equal, very slightly convex, the last nearly cylindrical, tapering towards the base. Aper- ture narrowly pyriform, slightly oblique, acute and nar- row above, somewhat angulate at the columella, nearly per- pendicular, not diagonal. Columella nearly perpendicular, truncate, with a rather small oblique fold which becomes stronger about one whorl within. Outer lip erect, very slightly thickened within, nearly straight; columellar margin whitish, thin, appressed. A thin whitish callus unites both margins. Length 7.2, diam. 3.2; length of ap. 3 mm. Oahu: Halawa, 1,500 ft. (Cooke) ; Mt. Tantalus 2,000 ft. (Lyman). The form from Tantalus is smaller, smoother, with a yellow- ish corneous color. This species is most closely allied to L. chrysallis Pfr. The latter is, however, much larger, more cylindrical in outline, with a stronger sculptured surface and the aperture is much broader and more ovate. 105. L. TANTILLA n. sp. PI. 13, figs. 5, 6, 7. The shell is minutely perforate, narrowly subcylindrical, corneous, somewhat glossy, finely striate. with uneven strife, somewhat wrinkled and more prominent near the suture. Spire subcylindrical, gradually tapering towards the apex, which is rather blunt. Suture simple, hardly impressed. Whorls 7 1 / 2 , nearly flat, slowly and regularly increasing in size, the last nearly cylindrical, tapering towards the base. Aperture pyriform, slightly oblique, perpendicular. Colu- mella nearly straight, scarcely truncate, with a very minute oblique fold. Outer margin of lip erect, straight, arcuate below, slightly thickened within ; columellar margin slightly thickened, reflexed, free. Umbilicus minute, nearly circular. Length 5.4, diam. 2.4; length of aperture 2.2 mm. Oahu: Waianae Mts. back of Leilehua (Cooke). This species is closely related to L. artata. It differs, how- 82 LEPTACHATINA, S.-G. THAANUMIA. ever, in being smaller, the surface is more distinctly sculp- tured, the aperture is broader in proportion to its length and there is a distinct, though minute, perforation. 106. L. CHRYSALLIS (Pfeiffer). PI. 4, figs. 77, 78. "Shell oblong turrited, somewhat solid, slightly striate, arcuately plicate at the sutural line, pale yellowish; spire subcylindrical, apex conic, obtuse; whorls 10, nearly flat, the last nearly equal to % of the length, rotundate at the base; columella callous, abruptly truncate at the base ; aperture ver- tical, sinuately semioval; lip erect, with the dextral margin arcuate, thickened within. Length 9.0, diam. 3.5 mm." (Pfr.) Oahu: AA 7 aialua (Baldwin, Lyman), Waianae Mts. and Wahiawa (Cooke). Achatina chrysallis PFEIFFER, P. Z. S. London, 1855, p. 99 ; Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 617; vi, p. 238. Achatina (Electro) chrysallis PFR., Malak. Blatter, 1856, p. 169. --Lepta- chatina chrysallis PEASE, P. Z. S., 1860, p. 650. Leptachatina colunma ANCEY, Le Naturaliste, 1889, p. 266. SYKES, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iii, pi. 13, fig. 18. Leptachatina chry- sallis SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, 1900, p. 358. This species is never abundant in any one locality, but seems to be distributed over a rather large area. A single specimen from Nuuanu is referable to this species, though doubtfully. I have examined both Ancey's and Pfeiffer's types and there is no doubt that both belong to the same species. Unfortunately I have no young specimens of this species, the basal palatal lamella does not appear in adult specimens. Subgenus THAANUMIA Ancey, 1899. Thaanumia ANCEY, Proceedings of the Malacological So- ciety of London, iii, July, 1899, p. 269, monotype T. ompha- lodes. The shells are openly umbilicate or perforate, sometimes imperforate, hardly glossy, of a silky texture, thin or some- what solid, costulate to costate, with the embryonic whorls LEPTACHATINA, S.-G. THAANUMIA. 83 encircled by very minute, close, raised, spiral lines ; the suture of the embryonic whorls is rather wide and deep and these whorls are somewhat flattened and very slightly shouldered above. Type L. omphalodes. Thaanumia can hardly be ranked as a genus, since except for the minutely striate embryonic whorls, all the species could undoubtedly be placed in Leptachatina. There are at present eight species known. L. (Thaanumia) omphalodes Ancey, Oahu. L. (Thaanumia) optabilis n. sp., Oahu. L. (Thaanumia) morbida n. sp., Molokai. L. (Thaanumia) thaanumi n. sp., Molokai. L. (Thaanumia) henshawi Sykes, Hawaii. L. (Thaanumia) perforata n. sp., Kauai. L. (Thaanumia) dulcis n. sp., East Maui. All the species are from rather open and dry localities and are not found in the deep woods. The characters of the em- bryonic whorls are not easily seen, and in most cases are only made out under a compound microscope. They are best seen in rather young fresh specimens. 107. L. OMPHALODES (Ancey). PI. 13, fig. 11. ' The shell is openly umbilicate, ovately conic, glossy, with a silky luster, acutely and irregularly longitudinally costu- late with somewhat lamellate, slightly flexuous costas, dark reddish corneous, pale purple at the lip. Spire regularly conic, rectilinear in outline, subobtuse at the apex. Whorls 6, convex, regularly increasing, separated by an impressed suture, the embryonic very minutely spirally sculptured, the rest costulate, irregularly striatulate in the interstices, the last at first subangulate, ovate, dilated, at the end minutely and shortly ascending, angulate and compressed about the umbilicus. Aperture perpendicular, receding at the base, ir- regularly oval, contracted at both ends. Columella perpen- dicularly descending, long, joined to the base with an ob- tuse angle, at its base lightly twisted-plicate within. Lip slightly expanded on all sides, expanded at the columella more, with the margins not contracted. Length 6.3, diam. 3.5, length of ap. 2.6 mm." (Ancey.) 84 LEPTACHATINA, S.-G. THAANUMIA. Oahu: Waianae Mts. (Baldwin). Thaanumia omphalodes ANCEY, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iii, 1899, p. 269, pi. 12, fig. 8. This species is the type of the subgenus Thaanumia. The comparatively large and open umbilicus easily separ- ates this from the other species of the subgenus. 108. L. OPTABILIS n. sp. PI. 13, fig. 9. The shell is minutely but distinctly perforate, ovate, light corneous with a broad brown band above the periphery, rather thin, silky, minutely and closely striate, with more distinct strias on the neanic whorls and just below the suture of the last whorl, under a very strong lens the embryonic whorls are indistinctly spirally striate. Spire almost conic with slightly convex outlines, apex rather blunt. Suture im- pressed, not margined, rather deep and very distinct on the embryonic whorls. Whorls 5 l / 2 , the embryonic indistinctly shouldered, the rest slightly convex, the last subcylindrical, tapering towards the base. Aperture ovately pyriform, hardly oblique, very slightly diagonal. Columella slightly oblique, narrowly triangular, with a rather strong sub-basal fold. Outer lip regularly curved, convex, slightly thickened, columellar margin thin, adnate above, reflexed over the min- ute umbilicus. Umbilicus minute. Length 6.8, diam. 3.6 mm. Length of ap. 3.3 mm. (Cooke). Oahu: Waianae Mts., back of Leilehua (Cooke). There is a unieolorous light brown variety of this species from the same locality. This species was found in rather open and dry country. The spirally striate embryonic whorls and the presence of a perforation places this species in the subgenus Thaanumia. It differs from L. omphalodes Anc. in having a less open umbilicus and the surface is not as dis- tinctly costate. The peculiar silky luster is present in both species. 109. L. PUSCULA (Gulick). PI. 3, fig. 51. "Shell dextral, imperforate, ovate conic, thin, with but little polish, of a brown succineous color, and very finely LEPTACHATINA, S.-G. THAANUMIA. 85 striated; apex subacute; spire convexly conical; suture sim- ple, lightly impressed ; whorls 6, somewhat convex ; columella a little oblique, white and plicately truncated ; aperture trun- cately oval ; peristome simple with dextral margin unreflected, acute, arcuate; columellar margin dilated, thin, white. Length 8.3, diam. 4.3, length of body whorl 5.3 mm." (Gulick.) Oahu: Mokuleia (Gulick) ; Palolo (Gulick, vid. label in Bost. Soc.) ; Waianae Mts., back of Waialua (Lyman) ; Waianae Mts., back of Leilehua (Cooke). Achatinella fuscula GULICK, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1856, p. 180, pi. 6, fig. 8. Achatinella (Leptachatina) fuscula PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., vi, p. 183; viii, p. 245. Lepta- ckatina fuscula PSE., P. Z. S. London, 1869, p. 651. SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, 1900, p. 362. This species appears to be represented by a single shell, in the collection of the Boston Society of Natural History. Unfortunately the specimen was dead when collected. The shells collected by Mr. Lyman and myself agree very closely with the type, except that a few are minutely perforate and all are slightly larger. The type specimen has Palolo as its habitat. I am sure that this must be a mistake, as all the species that are in any way related to it are from the other end of Oahu. Gulick gave the length of the body whorl as 4.3 mm., but if we reduce his measurement in inches to millimeters it should be 5.3 mm. L. fuscula is provisionally located in the subgenus Thaa- numia. A few of the specimens collected by Mr. Lyman and myself are minutely perforate, and a number show the faint spiral striae on the embryonic whorls, which are less flattened and have a shallower suture than most of the species included in this subgenus. The costse are also less prominent. In fresh dark-colored specimens the columella and lip, es- pecially the former, are a purplish brown. There is also a lighter colored, almost corneous, variety. 110. L. DULCIS n. sp. PI. 13, figs. 8, 10. The shell is perforate, ovately conic, light brown, with a 86 LEPTACHATINA, S.-G. THAANUMIA. yellowish sheen, silky, thin, the embryonic whorls with minute spiral strias, the rest closely and regularly costate. Spire conic, apex obtuse. Suture simple, impressed. Whorls 5y 2 > increasing regularly, the embryonic flattened, compressed, shouldered above, the rest somewhat convex, the last rather large, tapering gradually to the base. Aperture rather large, ovate, hardly oblique and slightly diagonal, brownish within. Cblumella narrowly triangular, nearly perpendicular, brown- ish, with a minute, oblique basal fold. Outer lip regularly curved, convex, indistinctly angulate with the base of the columella; columellar margin thin," adnate above, reflexed over the perforation. Umbilicus rather small, subcircular. Length 7.0, diam. 3.7, length of ap. 3.4 mm. East Maui: Ulapalakua, Makawao (Baldwin). The only representative of this subgenus from Maui. It resembles the species from Oahu and Hawaii rather than those from the nearer island of Molokai. This species has a smaller umbilicus than L. omphalodes Ancey and it is more distinctly costate than L. optabilis. 111. L. HENSHAWI Sykes. PI. 1, figs. 15, 17. "Shell ovately pyramidal, rimate, somewhat thin, brown- ish-horny in color, longitudinally well marked with filiform striae, which become weaker towards the base, apex blunt. Whorls 5!/2, plano-convex, the protoconch being large and smooth, the others sculptured as mentioned above, the last whorl measuring 4/7 of the entire length of the shell. Suture well marked. Mouth subquadrate, the straight columellar margin being slightly reflected. Plica small and ascending. Length 7.0, diam. 3.6 mm." (Sykes.) Hawaii: (Bucholtz) ; Kona, at 1800 feet (Henshaw), Mana fossil (Henshaw), Waimea Plains, near Mana (Thaanum), Hamakua and Kona (Baldwin). Leptachatina henshaivi SYKES, Journ. of Malac., x, 1903, p. 2, fig. in text. "This pretty little shell recalls somewhat in appearance Thaanumia omphalodes Ancey, but lacks the sculpture of the protoconch and the distinct umbilical area. The sculp- LEPTACHATINA, S.-G. THAANUMIA. 87 ture is similar in nature to that of L. tenebrosa Pease, of Kauai, etc." (Sykes.) L. tenuicostata Pease, is somewhat closely related to this species. The latter is, however perforate; the outlines of the spire and the whorls are more convex; the columellar fold is stronger and approaches the outer face of the colu- mella, etc. Mr. Thaanum kindly lent me a few specimens of this species from the original lot collected by Dr. Henshaw. All the specimens had the characteristic blunt apex; in a few the spiral lines of the embryonic whorls were made out with a strong lens. 112. L. MORBIDA n. sp. PI. 13, fig. 12. The shell is minutely perforate (sometimes imperf orate), conic, dark brown, hardly glossy, rather solid, not diaph- anous, distinctly costate (especially on the neanic whorls), the embryonic whorls smooth. Spire conic, apex somewhat obtuse. Suture very slightly impressed, crenulate. Whorls 6, regularly increasing, the embryonic flattened, slightly shoul- dered above, with a rather distinct suture, the rest slightly convex, the last rotundate, tapering to the base. Aperture large, ovate, purplish brown within, hardly oblique, slightly diagonal. Columella nearly straight, with a thick acute callus along its face ; columellar fold median, small, blunt. Outer lip regularly convex, thickened within, white; colu- mellar margin slightly thickened, reflexed, adnate above. Umbilicus minute, oval. Length 9.0, diam. 4.7, length of ap. 4.0 mm. Molokai: Puu Kolekole, under logs in open country (Thaanum). This species is provisionally placed in the subgenus Thaa- numia. It differs from the other species of this subgenus, by not having spirally striate embryonic whorls. These are, however, slightly flattened, compressed and have the rather distinct suture characteristic of this subgenus. The nearest relative to this species, from Molokai, is L. (Thaanumia) Thaanumi. The latter is, however, smaller, 88 LEPTACHATINA, S.-G. THAANUMIA. narrower and with slightly more convex outlines. L. semi- picta, from Lanai, is probably related to this species. The latter is slightly larger, more solid and more distinctly costate. 113. L. THAANUMI n. sp. PI. 6, figs. 16, 17. The shell is imperforate, conically ovate, yellowish corn- eous, with a broad reddish brown band at the periphery, thin, subdiaphanous, the embryonic whorls glossy, under a strong lens very faintly spirally striate, the rest finely and closely costulate. Spire subconic, apex obtuse. Suture hardly impressed, faintly margined, crenulate. Whorls barely 6, the first two convex, the rest nearly flat, the last rotundate, slightly tapering towards the base. Apertucre broadly ovate, oblique, nearly perpendicular. Columella nearly straight, slightly twisted, with an almost obsolete oblique fold. Outer margin of lip arcuate, slightly thick- ened within, columellar margin thin, reflexed, adnate. Length 7.7, diam. 3.8, length of ap. 3.4 mm. Molokai: Mapulehu ridge (Thaanum). L. thaanumi is provisionally located in the subgenus Thaa- numia as the embryonic whorls have the faint spiral sculp- ture on which the separation of the subgenus is almost wholly dependent. This species is, however, imperforate, which char- acter is not found in any other species referred to this sub- genus. It is also narower in proportion to its length than any species of this subgenus, except L. perforata. 114. L. PERFORATA n. sp. PI. 7, fig. 32. The shell is perforate, elongate, attenuate, brown or very dark brown, rather thin, not diaphanous, under a strong lens the embryonic whorls are very minutely spirally striate, the rest costate. Costa? arcuate, regular, 4.6 to the milli- meter, with 45-50 on the last whorl. Spire attenuate, elon- gate, apex somewhat acute. Suture not margined, im- pressed. Whorls 9, slightly convex, the last rotundate, taper- ing towards the base. Aperture perpendicular, slightly ob- lique, shaped like an oblique sector of a circle, acute at both LEPTACHATINA, S.-G. ILIKALA. 89 ends. Columella straight, white, hardly truncate, furnished with a minute, oblique, deeply situated fold. Outer and lower margin of lip regularly curved, slightly thickened with- in, columellar margin slightly thickened. Umbilicus rimate, with angular margin. Length 7.8, diam. 3.1, length of aper- ture 2.7 mm. Kauai: Puukapele, 3000 ft.; Waipo, 3500 ft.; Kumuwela, 3800 ft. (Cooke). This species is unlike any other from Kauai. The type locality is Puukapele. It is not abundant in any one local- ity, but is probably to be found over all the higher parts of the Island of Kauai. L. perforata is provisionally located in Thaanumia, as its embryonic whorls are minutely spirally striate in fresh young specimens. It seems to be an aberrant form. It is possible that L. striata Newc. may be a relative of this species. Subgenus ILIKALA n. subgenus. The shells are perforate or minutely perforate, elongate with slightly convex outlines, costate; embryonic whorls con- vex, longitudinally costulate, separated by a rather deep and broad suture; columellar fold rather weak, subtransverse. Type L. fusca Newc. This subgenus is proposed for three species: fusca, petil-a and fraterna; the first two from Oahu, the last from Kauai. The most important character on which this subgenus is based is the longitudinally costate or distinctly striate em- bryonic shell. Ilikala is probably related to Thaanumia, but the latter has smoother embryonic whorls which are minutely striate spirally, and not axially costulate. (Ilikala, an Hawaiian word meaning a rough skin.) 115. L. FUSCA (Newcomb). PL 4, figs. 65 to 69. "Shell thin, cylindrically elongate; whorls 5, nearly flat; suture linear, slightly impressed; aperture ovate; lip acute; columella dentate within; longitudinal stride strongly de- veloped ; color brown, with a narrow horn-colored band re- volving below each suture ; lower half of the last whorl horn- 90 LEPTACHATINA, S.-G. ILIKALA. colored. Long. 6/20, diam. 3V 2 /20 poll." (7.5x4.4 mm.) (Neivc.) Length. .35, diam. 0.2 inch (Neiuc.) Oahu: Manoa (Newcomb, Cooke); Palolo, Mt. Tantalus, Pauoa, Konahuanui and Nuuanu (Cooke). Achatinella fusca NEWCCMB, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1853, p. 28; P. Z. S. 1853 (1854), p. 145, pi. 23, fig. ^.Achatinella (Laminella) fusca PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 558; vi, p. 181 ; viii, p. 244. Leptachatina fusca PEASE, P. Z. S. Lon- don, 1869, p. 651. This is one of the most aberrant species of the genus. The first whorl is slightly depressed, with a deep broad suture separating it from the second whorl which is rather convex and somewhat shouldered above. Both the first and second whorls are sculptured with rather strong longitudinal strise and very fine spiral strife. The latter are clearly visible under a strong lens, especially in young specimens. This is, also, one of the subgeneric characters of Thaanumia. The adult shells of fusca are always imperforate and the lower whorl is more draw r n out and tapering. In young specimens of 5 or less whorls there is a minute perforation. There are four distinct color varieties of the typical form of this species : the first and most abundant, which is also the one described by Newcomb, has a dark reddish brown band (which sometimes extends to the suture) above the periphery, the spire is reddish brown, there is usually a yellowish corn- eous band accompanying the suture and the base below the periphery is yellowish corneous (figs. 65, 66). The second is of a uniform dark reddish brown ; the third is light brown- ish corneous, slightly lighter in color below the periphery (fig. 67). The fourth has the first 3y 2 whorls of a dark reddish brown, the two last are yellowish corneous, with a narrow reddish brown band accompanying the suture (fig. 69). The last two varieties are very rare as I have seen only two specimens of the third variety, which came from Nuuanu, and a single specimen of the fourth variety was collected in Palolo. Adult shells vary between the following measurements: Length 8.1, diam. 4.2, length of apert. 3.9 mm.; whorls ; Nuuanu. LEPTACHATINA, S.-G. ILIKALA. 91 Length 8.9, diam. 4.4, length of apert. 4.3 mm.; whorls 51/2 ; Konahuanui. Length 10.5, diam. 4.5, length of apert, 4.5 mm.; whorls 614 ; Nuuanu. 115a. L. f. striatella (Gulick). PI. 4, figs. 70, 71, 72. The shell is very slightly narrower in proportion to its length, the costae are slightly finer and the aperture is more perpendicular, with the outer lip less arcuate. Length 10.0, diam. 4.4, length of apert. 4.2 mm. Oahu: Mountain range of Keawaawa, in damp places (Gulick). Achatinella striatella GULICK, Ann. Lye. N. Y., 1856, vi, p. 178, pi. 6, fig. 6. Achatinella fusca NEWCOMB, Ann. Lye. N. Y., 1838, vi, p. 330. Leptachatina striatella SYKES, P. Malac. Soc. London, iii, pi. 14, fig. 190 ; Fauna Haw., ii, 1900, p. 370. 116. L. FRATERNA n. sp. PI. 12, figs. 8, 11. The shell is minutely perforate, elongately conic, dark brown, rather thin, costulate (the embryonic whorls trans- versely costulate and under a strong lens indistinctly spirally striate). Spire conic, apex rather blunt. Suture deep on the embryonic whorls, on the other whorls hardly impressed. Whorls 6y 2 > very slightly convex, increasing regularly, the last subcylindrical, tapering gradually to the base and as- cending slightly in front. Aperture subovate, bordered with yellowish brown, brown within, very slightly oblique, perpen- dicular. Columella nearly straight, whitish, almost truncate with a rather weak fold and with an acute callus along its face. Outer lip regularly curved, slightly thickened within, forming an angle with the base of the columella ; columellar margin thin, reflected, the upper one-third adnate. Umbilicus minute. Length 9.4, diam. 4.3, length of ap. 4.1 mm. Kauai (Baldwin). This species is very closely related to L. fusca Newc., from Oahu. It differs, however, in having flatter whorls and a more conic spire ; the aperture is less diagonal. 92 LEPTACHATINA, S.-G. ILIKALA. 117. L. PETILA (Gulick). PL 4, figs. 61 to 64. "Shell dextral, perforate, turreted, rather thin, not pol- ished, brown, corneous, obliquely striated; apex somewhat obtuse, pallid; spire turreted; suture simple, well impressed; whorls 6, convex; columella vertical, brown, lightly plaited deep within the aperture; aperture vertical, subelliptical ; peristome simple, with margins joining in an unbroken curve; dextral margin unreflected, arcuate; columellar margin slightly reflected, not appressed ; parietal margin narrow, cal- lous. Length 6.6, diam. 2.8, length of body whorl 3.5 mm." (Gulick.) Oahu: Koko, under stones in dry rock regions (Gulick) ; Wailua (Lyman) ; fossil at Nuuanu, Manoa, and at Rocky Hill (Cooke). Achatinella petila GULICK, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1856, p. 189, pi. 6, fig. 17. Achatinella fusca NEWCOMB, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1858, p. 330. Achatinella (Laminella) fusca PFB., Mon. Hel. Viv., vi, p. 181. Leptachatina petila SYKES, P. Malac. Soc. London, iii, 1899, pi. 14, fig. 14; Fauna Haw., ii, 1900, p. 367. Newcomb, Pfeiffer and Pease seem to have considered this species as identical with L. fusca Newc. It is, however, en- tirely distinct. The specimens collected by Gulick were from Koko Head, a very dry and almost desert region. All my specimens, except the fossil material, was found in the very darkest and dampest valleys of Nuuanu. The fossil material from Rocky Hill agrees best with Gulick 's specimens in the collection of the Boston Society. The shells from Nuuanu are imperforate. All my shells are considerably larger than Gulick 's. The measurements are as follows : Length 8.6, diam. 3.6, length of apert. 3.1 mm. Waialua. Length 7.8, diam. 3.2, length of apert. 2.8 mm. Nuuanu. Length 7.9, diam. 2.8, length of apert. 2.6 mm. Rocky Hill. FERNANDEZIA. 03 Genus FERNANDEZIA Pilsbry, n. gen. Shell imperforate, varying from ovate to oblong-turrite, thin, yellow or pale brown, glossy, striate or weakly plicate. Initial I 1 /; to 1% whorls smooth or very delicately striate spirally, semiglobose, forming an obtuse summit. Aperture irregularly ovate, subvertical, the outer lip a little thickened, having a smooth finish when adult; the columella short, bear- ing a more or less prominent, spirally entering fold or la- mella. Soft anatomy unknown. Type: F. ivilsoni. Distribution: Island of Juan Fernandez. The specie* ,-uv figured on plate 14. These shells resemble species of Giessula and Leptachatina so closely that only their geographic remoteness gives reason for the belief that they will prove generically distinct, when the soft parts can be examined. Like the genera mentioned, the lip has a smooth, blunt finish in fully adult shells; there- by differing from Subulina, Opens and Leptinaria, which have the lip sharp and unthickened at all stages of growth. It must be admitted that the shells, in Glessula, Leptachatina, Fernandezia and Cochlicopa furnish no tangible character to differentiate one from another genus. What real distinction there may be in the animals remains to be discovered. Whether reproduction in Fernandezia is oviparous or vivi- parous is not known. In some forms I have seen excessively superficial and fine spiral striae upon both embryonic and later whorls; in others they are not discernible, at least in adult shells. Key to species of Fernandezia. I. Columella very short, with a strong median spirally entering lamella. a 10y 2 x 6.2 mm. with G 1 /^ whorls ; periphery weakly subangular. expansa, no. 3. a 1 9 x 4.8 mm. with 6% whorls ; subplicate below suture, the last whorl rounded phUippiana, no. 4. a 2 lO 1 /.? x 5.8 mm. with 7i/> whorls ; finely striate. wilsoni, no. 5. 94 PERNANDEZIA. II. Columella longer, the fold weaker and nearer the base. a Length of aperture more than half that of the shell ; 11 x 6 mm., aperture 6 mm., with 5 to 6 whorls. bulimoides, no. 1. consimilis, no. 2. a 1 Aperture less than half as long as the shell. & 12 x 51/2, aperture 5 mm., whorls 8 ; columella deeply twisted. conifera, no. 8. 6 1 9.9 x 4, aperture 4 mm., whorls iy 2 ; columella straight above, weakly folded below. loitga, no. 10. 6 2 7 x 3 mm. ; columellar fold strong. splendida, no. 9. 6 s 6.6 x 3, aperture 3 mm., whorls 6, striate, colu- mellar fold small. tryoni, no. 6. 6 4 9 x 414, aperture 4 mm., whorls 6%, weakly plicate below suture. inornata, no. 7. 1. F. BULIMOIDES (Pfeiffer). PI. 14, fig. 4. "Shell ovate-conic, thin, striatulate, covered with a pel- lucid corneous-buff epidermis. Spire conic, acute ; whorls 5~y 2 , scarcely convex, the last more swollen, as long as the spire. Columella twisted above, thread-like, very obsoletely truncated above the base of the broad, seniioval aperture, provided with a thin callus covering the ventral part of the preceding whorl. Peristome simple, thin. Length 11, diam. 6, aperture 6x3.5 mm." (P/V.). Juan Fernandez (Cuming; Challenger Exped.). Achatina bulimoides PFR., P. Z. S. 1846, p. 116 (Jan. 26, 1847) ; Monogr. ii, 271. REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 19, f. 103 (June, 1849). Spiraxis &., PFR. Monogr. iii, 472; vi, 193.- Stenogyra (Nothus) &., E. A. Smith, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 280 (Juan Fernandez. "Challenger" Exped.). 2. F. CONSIMILIS (Reeve). PI. 14, fig. 11. "Shell conically ovate, rather ventricose, whorls 5 to 6. rather flatly convex, finely striated, shining, columella short, FERNANDEZIA. 95 straight, rather callous; yellowish-olive, transparent'' (Reeve}. "Shell ovate-conic, thin, smooth, pellucid, glossy, buff- olivaceous ; spire convexly-conic, acute ; whorls 5, a little con- vex, the last longer than the spire, more convex. Columella straightened, callous, highly and shortly twisted-truncate. Aperture little oblique, oval; peristome simple, unexpanded. Length 11, diam. 6, aperture 6x314 mm." (P/V.) Juan Fernandez (Miller, Cuming coll.) Achatina consimilis REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 19, f. 104 (June, 1849). Spiraxis c., PFR., Monogr. iii, 471; iv, 574; vi, 192. Stenogyra (Euspiraxis) c., PFR., Nomencl. Hel. Viv. 1878, p. 324. 'Very similar in general aspect to the preceding species [bulimoides], but clearly distinct. It is less ventricose and the columella is nearly straight " (Reeve). 3. F. EXPANSA n. sp. PI. 14, fig. 1. The shell is imperforate, conic, thin, somewhat translucent, very glossy, covered with a pale yellow cuticle. Spire straightly conic, the apex obtuse, rounded; whorls 6U, slightly convex, the last very obtusely subangular in the middle, the base tapering and not very convex. The first two whorls are convex and indistinctly, very minutely marked with spiral lines; following whorls are irregularly, finely striate over a very weak plication, which is hardly noticeable except for a. short distance below the suture. The aperture is trapezoidal. Columella very short, bearing a very strong, spirally entering, median lamella. Length 10.5, diam. 6.2 mm. ; length of aperture 6 mm. Juan Fernandez (A. N. S. P. no. 10164). This form resembles F. 'biilimoides and consimilis in gen- eral shape, but differs by the very strong median columellar lamella and the subangular periphery. Neither of the speci- mens is quite fully adult, the outer lip being sharp, without the usual smooth finish. 96 FERNANDEZIA. 4. F. PHILIPPIANA n. sp. PI. 14, figs. 2, 3. The shell is irnperforate, ovate-conic, thin, glossy, suffi- ciently transparent to show the columellar axis faintly through the shell, pale yellow. The spire is straightly conic with an obtuse, rounded apex. Whorls 6%, but slightly eon- vex. The first l 1 /^ whorls are smooth, the first one wide, the next decidedly narrower; near the end of the second whorl fine vertical stria? appear. The remaining whorls of the spire are weakly plicate, the folds moderately strong near the suture, weakening rapidly and disappearing downward, and on the last whorl nearly or quite obsolete. There are also fine, rather weak growth-striae, and under a strong lens in favorable light, a very minute and extremely weak spiral striation is visible in places. The last whorl is nearly smooth. Aperture semioval; outer lip slightly obtuse, smooth-edged, a trifle sinuous. Columella very short, bearing a. median, very strong, spirally entering lamella. Length 9. diam. 4.8 mm. ; length of the aperture 4 mm. Juan Fernandez (A. N. S. P. no. 10165). The shell is narrower and paler-colored than F. wilsoni. and plicate below the suture. 5. F. WILSONI n. sp. PI. 14, figs. 7, 8. The shell is imperforate, ovate-pyramidal, rather solid, opaque, covered with a glossy yellowish cuticle, distinctly though finely stria'te, the stria? strongest just below the suture, the base smoother. Outlines of the spire straight. Apex ob- tuse, rounded, the first li/o whorls white, smooth. Whorls 71/2, almost flat, the last very ventricose, rounded at periphery and base. Suture linear, narrowly impressed. Aperture slightly oblique, light forown within, with a white border near the lip. Outer lip 'blunt, being slightly thickened. Colu- mella very short, with a very strong, obliquely or spirally- entering median lamella. Parietal callus rather thick, whit- ish but transparent, not spreading forward. Length 10.5, diam. 5.8 mm. ; length of aperture 4.9 mm. FERNANDEZIA. )? Juan Fernandez. Type no. 10166 A. N. S. P. This species has more whorls than bulimoides or consimilis, and a smaller aperture. The lateral outlines of the spire are almost straight. Named for Dr. T. B. Wilson, who gave the specimens to the Academy. 6. F. TRYONI n. sp. PI. 14, figs. 12, 13. The shell is subimperforate, oblong-conic, thin, translucent, pale yellow, glossy. Spire conic, the apex obtuse and rounded. Whorls 6, but slightly convex. First l l / 2 whorls smooth, following whorls of the spire very finely and weakly though quite distinctly striate, the stride curved. Suture bor- dered by transparence. Aperture irregularly ovate, the outer lip obtuse, whitish. Colurnella rather wide, concave above and excavated below a very oblique fold. Parietal callus thin and straight. Length 6.6, diam. 3 mm.; length of aperture 3 mm. Juan Fernandez (no. 10167 A. N. S. P.). The smallest species of the group as now known. It is much smaller than F. conifera, with fewer whorls. 7. F. INORNATA n. sp. PI. 14, figs. 14, 15. Shell oblong-conic, imperforate, thin, pale brownish yellow, glossy, somewhat translucent. Spire with very slightly con- vex outlines and obtuse, rounded apex. Whorls 6%. but slightly convex, the first 1% smooth, the rest sculptured with short, low folds below the suture, and very weak, irregular growth-lines. Aperture semioval, the outer lip white, blunt, with a smooth finish. Columella short, concave above, ex- cavated below the oblique, somewhat lamellar fold. Length 9, diam. 4.25 mm. ; length of aperture 4 mm. Juan Fernandez (no. 10168 A. N. S. P.) Closely related to F. philippiana, but of narrower shape, with a more obliquely entering columellar fold. In the, type specimen (pi. 14, figs. 14, 15) this fold is rather weak, but in another shell, which I refer for the present to the same species, it is strong and lamellar. 98 FERNANDEZIA. 8. F. CONIFERA (Reeve). PI. 14, fig. 5. "Shell pyramidally conical, whorls 8, rather narrow, rounded, longitudinally obscurely striated, shining, colu- mella short, arched, twisted, attenuately truncated, aperture small, brown-horny" (Eeeve) . Shell ovate-pyramidal, thin, very finely striatulate, glossy, pellucid, brownish-corneous. Spire long-conic, the apex ob- tuse. Whorls 8, a little convex, slowly increasing, the last subrotund, about two-fifths of the total length. Columella short, arcuate, twisted, obliquely truncated above the base of the vertical, subrhombic-oval aperture. Peristome acute, unexpanded. Length 12, diam. 5.5 mm.; oblique alt. of aperture 5, width in the middle 3 mm. (Pfr.). Juan Fernandez (Cuming). Achatina conifera REEVE, Conch. Icon. v. pi. 18, f. 98 (June, 1849). PFR. Monogr. iii, 495, vi, 255. Distinct by its long spire and deeply twisted columella. Reeve's figure is copied, and the descriptions of Reeve and Pfeiffer are given. 9. F. SPLENDIDA (Anton). Cf. PI. 14, figs. 9, 10. ' ' Oval-conic, spire lengthened, 5 whorls, the last ventricose, almost half as long as the whole shell. Transparent, shin- ing, very finely striate, olive-green. Aperture long-oval. Columella strongly twisted, inconspicuously truncate. Length 31/0, diam. iy 2 lines" (Anton). Opana (Anton). Bulimus (Achatina) splendida ANTON, Verzeichniss der Conchylien welche sich in der Sammlung von Hermann. Eduard Anton befinden, p. 44, no. 1590 (1839). ? Achatina splendida Anton, PFEIFFER in Philippi, Abbild. u. Beschreib. neuer Conch, ii, p. 214, Achatina, pi. 1, f. 11 (1847); Conchylien Cabinet, Bulimus, p. 339, pi. 37, f. 10- 12; Monographia Hel. Viv. ii, 271. REEVE, Conch Icon, v, pi. 1*9, f. 100 (1849). Spiraxis splendida Ant., PFR., Monogr. iii, 472; iv, 575; vi, 193. Oleacina splendida ADS., Gen. Rec. Moll. p. 105. Stenogyra (Nothus) splendidula Anton, E. A. SMITH, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 280. FERNANDEZIA. 99 There is some doubt whether the species described and figured by Pfeiffer is identical with that of Anton. Anton gives the locality "Opana," meaning the island Opara or Rapa, one of the Austral Group. He gives the shell 5 whorls. Pfeiffer 's description follows: "Shell ovate-conic, thin, striatulate, glossy, olivaceous- corneous; spire conic, apex rather acute. Whorls 6 to 7, a trifle convex, the last about as long as> the spire. Columella twisted, very obsoletely truncate. Aperture oblong-oval; peristome simple, acute, columellar margin reflexed in a callus which often spreads outwardly. Length 7.5, diam. 3.5, aperture 3.5 mm. long, 1.66 wide." "Island of Juan Fernandez (Cuming)." This form was also recorded by Mr. Smith as collected on Juan Fernandez by the Challenger expedition. Pfeiffer 's figure in the Abbildungen of Philippi is copied, pi. 14, fig. 9. Reeve's figure agrees with this except that the columella is more curved and prominent at the base. In the Conchylien Cabinet Pfeiffer figures a more ventricose and Bulimoid shell, which certainly looks like a different species, but gives the same description. I have copied this figure also, pi. 14, fig. 10. 10. F. LONGA n. sp. PI. 14, fig. 6. The shell is imperforate, oblong-turrite, thin, pale brown- ish-yellow, somewhat transparent, glossy. Spire long, with nearly straight sides, the apex obtuse and rounded. Whorls 7y 2 , but slightly convex, the first 1% smooth, the rest regu- larly sculptured with straight vertical, fold-like striae, which weakly crenulate the very narrow prominent border below the suture. The striae became less regular on the last whorl or two, and the sutural border loses its prominence. In some places a very minute spiral striation may be made out in favorable light. The aperture is irregularly ovate ; outer lip simple; columella subvertical above and somewhat excavated below the low, oblique, sublamellar fold. Length 9.9, diam. 4 mm. ; length of aperture 4 mm. Juan Fernandez (no. 10168 A. N. S. P.). 100 CARELIA. This species seems to resemble F. splendida (Anton) in contour, but according to Anton that has but 5 whorls. Pfeiffer's splendida is, according to the figure, a more conic shell. Under the circumstances it is probably best to give a recognizable account of the form before me, leaving the ques- tion of its possible identity with one or other of the forms described as splendida for future decision. Genus CARELIA H. and A. Adams. Carclia H. & A. AD., Genera of Recent. Mollusca ii, p. 132 (February, 1855). PFR., Monographia Heliceoram iv, 571; vi, 188; viii, 250. ALBERS-MARTENS, Die Heliceen I860. p. 208 (type Acliatina bicolor Jay). GULICK, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1873, p. 91 (type C. adusta Gld.). W. G. BINNEY, Ann. N. Y., Acad. Sci. iii, p. 103 (jaw and teeth). ANCEY, Memoires de la Societe Zoologique de France vi, 1893, p. 321 (monograph). - -BoRCHERDiNG, Monographic der auf der Sandwichinsel Kauai lebenden Molluskengattung Carelia, in Abhandlungen Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesell- schaft xxxii (Feb., 1910), p. 225. The shell is imperforate, oblong-turrite, solid; embryonic shell conic, with slightly obtuse apex and flat whorls; first half whorl smooth, the next whorl or two with sculpture of arcu- ate axial striae or riblets, which are often split; neanic and adult stages irregularly striate or nearly smooth, sometimes with spiral lines or ribs, the whorls slightly convex, or with one or two spiral carinas. Aperture ovate ; outer lip simple and acute; columella concave, obliquely or vertically trun- cate below, and bearing a small callous lamella. Axis slender and nearly straight in the inner whorls, becoming sinuous in the last. Soft anatomy unknown, except the jaw and teeth, which have been described and figured by Binney. The jaw of C. bicolor (pi. 21, fig. 12) "is low, slightly arcuate, with but little attenuated, blunt ends; anterior surface with ten stout ribs, denticulating either margin. "Lingual membrane of C. bicolor (pi. 21, fig. 11) long and narrow ; teeth 37,1,37, of same type as in the species of CARELIA. 101 Laminella, Newcombia and Leptachatina" (W. G. Binney). Centrals much narrower than the laterals with a relatively very small tricuspid reflection. Lateral teeth with the inner cusp as long as the basal-plate, ectocone small as usual. Marginal teeth with the ectocone bifid. Type C. bicolor (Jay). Distribution, Islands of Kauai and Niihau. Carelia was proposed by Henry and Arthur Adams for the species bicolor, cochlea, fuliginea, newoonibi and para- doxa, and placed in the genus Achatina next to Homorus. The first of'these species was selected as type by von Martens, who retains the genus in practically the same position. Gulick in 1873 removed it to the Achatinellina, a position confirmed by Binney 's examination of the teeth, and ap- proved by all subsequent students. A full account of the soft anatomy is still wanting. The genus contains the largest land snails of the Hawaiian group. We have but little information upon their distri- bution in Kauai, and no real advance in knowledge of the races can be made until the results of field work in that island are accessible. According to Pease, "The species of Carelia are commonly found on the sides of precipitous rocks of the mountains, under stones and trunks of dead trees. They do not live in large numbers; one finds solitary individuals, or pairs. All of them are rare, even in the places where they are most often found. C. adusta Gld. is the only exception in this respect." (Pease, J. de C. 1870, 402.) "The young are similar to the young of Kauaia and of most of the true AcJiatinellidcp in general aspect, but they retain an angulated base and primitive aspect until a late substage of the neanic in some primitive species like C. bicolor, adusta and sinclairi. These resemble the adult whorls of Kauaia kauaiensis except in having angulated instead of carinated basal volutions and the small but still open um- bilicus. The derivation appears therefore to have been from some form having angulated base, convex dorsal sides and general form of the full grown shells of Kauaia, but this was 102 CARELIA. not a carinated shell, and the surface was perhaps smoother than in K. kauaiensis. The immediate ancestor of Carelia, in other words, was probably a Kauaia-like shell with angu- lated base, smooth whorls and had a twisted columella with a small perforation. This form, if in existence now, would probably be placed between Cyclamastra and Kauaia on ac- count of its columella and aperture, or be classified as a primitive form of Kauaia itself" (Hyatt}. The amastroid stage of Carelia is shown in pi. 16, fig. 7, representing the neanic stage of C. bicolor. * Key to Species of Carelia. a. Later whorls angular or subangular at the shoulder ; per- iphery flattened, base obtusely angular. &. Diameter nearly half the length ; no spiral striation ; 25x12 mm. with 6% whorls. C. &. angulata, no. 10 /. & 1 . Longer, more slender, whorls 7 to 9. c. Last whorl very dark and smooth, strongly bi- angular, with a creamy zone above the angle; diam. one-third the length, or more. C. cumingiana, no. 9. c 1 . Last whorls biangular, the upper angle rounded, striate, lower angle strong; red-brown with a sutural light line ; diam. less than one-third the length, 47x14 mm. C. rigida, no. 8. c 2 . Lower angle rounded, upper acute or weak; usually a broad white zone below suture ; shell long, slender. C. dolei, no. 7. a 1 . Whorls not angular at the shoulder. &. Later whorls having more or less coarse spiral stri- ation. c. Length usually less than 40 mm. ; red-brown with a white band below suture; strong, un- equal spiral cords. C. cochlea, no. 6. c 1 . Similar but with well-rounded last whorl and few, very weak spirals. C. bicolor, no. 10. c 2 . Larger shells, length 45 to 80 mm., with dark base and lighter color above. C. turricula, no. 1 ; C. paradoxa, no. 2. CAKELIA. 103 b 1 . Not spirally striate. c. Large, length 50 mm. or more. d. Last whorl rounded; red-brown, fading toward the apex; rather coarse striae; 65x 23 mm. C. pilsbryi, no. 3. d l . Last whorl more or less flattened, suban- gular below. e. Olive-green, 69x19 mm., 8-9 whorls. C. olivacea, no. 4. e l . Blackish, suture yellowish, 55x20 mm., 7 whorls. C. o. variabilis, no. 4a. e z . Reddish-chestnut, fading upwards, suture white margined; 54x17 mm., whorls 9. C. hyattiana, no. 5. c 1 . Length not over 40 mm. d. Last whorl rounded, rarely with a weak basal angle; shell dark brown or black, often light above or with a light sutural band. Kauai. C. bicolor, no. 10. d 1 . Whorls less convex, coarsely plicate-stri- ate. Niihau. C. sinclairi, no. 11. 1. C. TURRICULA (Mighels). PI. 19, fig. 1. "Shell cylindrical, turrited, sometimes dark, sometimes light brown, imperf orate; whorls 10, convex, more or less distinctly striate transversely ; incremental striae coarse ; apei 1 - ture oblong; lip simple, acute. Length 2.75 inches, diam. .8 inch." (Mighels). Kauai: Hanalei (Baldwin, Perkins). Achatina turricula MIGH., Proc. Boston Soc. Nat, Hist, ii, 1845, p. 20. PFR., Monogr. ii, 261. Carelia turricula Migh., KOBELT, Jahrb. D. Malak. Ges. ii, 1875, p. 225, pi. 7, f. 1.- BORCHERDING, Abh. Senck. Nat. Ges. vol. 32, 1910, p. 229, pi. 19, f. 2, 3 (form newcombi) . Achatina neivcombi PFR,, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 262 (1853). Spiraxis n., PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 470. Achatina obeliscus REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 104 CARELIA. 23, f. 129 (March, 1850). Carelia turricula High., var. azona ANCEY, Proc. Malac. Soc. vi, p. 121 (1904). Carelia cochlea GULICK, Evolution, Racial and Habitudinal, 1905, p. 38, pi. 1, fig. 1. The summit is rather pointed, the first 3 whorls being straight-sided, subsequent whorls are slightly convex, and last whorl is somewhat cylindric, being flattened in the middle, convex or subangular above, and angular at the periphery, below which it tapers straightly to the base. Apical sculpture as in the other species; the spiral sculpture begins on the fourth whorl as spiral series of long granules. On the last 3 or 4 whorls there are several low, cord-like spirals, more or less knotted by coarse, irregular, longitudinal growth-folds. This sculpture varies from strong to subobsolete in different specimens, and is wanting on the base. There is also a very dense, fine, wavy microscopic spiral striation, visible in the most perfect shells, but readily worn off. The color varies from rather bright yellow to dark chest- nut, the base being darker, of a chocolate shade. In the color-form newcombi there is a pale belt below the periphery. Mr. Ancey's var. azona is identical with the typical C. turricula. la. Var. NEWCOMBI Pfeiffer. PI. 19, figs. 4, 5, 6. Chestnut-colored with a pale yellow belt below the peri- pheral angle, the base black. Length 71, diam. 19, aperture 21 mm. (Pfr.). This color form differs from the type only in the conspicuous yellow belt bounding the chocolate basal area. Sometimes the upper surface is yellow with an orange- brown tint, darker than the belt (fig. 4). The spiral sculp- ture varies in prominence among individuals of the same lot. In some shells the spirals are very conspicuous (figs. 4, 5), in others almost obsolete. 1&. Var. OBELISCUS Reeve. PI. 19, figs. 7, 8. The last 3 or 4 whorls have coarse, irregular ivrinkles of grotvth and several coarse, low spiral cords, often more con- spicuous than in the typical turricula. They are dull brown, CARELIA. 105 with pale or whitish streaks and spirals due to wear. 'Last whorl banded with chestnut black around the columella" or the whole base may be black, with no light band below the peripheral angle. Aperture blue-white inside, with a wide black border in the outer lip. Fig. 8 is copied from Reeve. Fig. 7 represents a speci- men from Hanalei, no. 2351 Cooke coll. It measures, length 68.5, diam. 21.5 mm., with 9% whorls. I cannot agee with Borcherding that obeliscus is specifically distinct from turricula. The difference in sculpture which he relies upon is very inconstant. 2. C. PARADOXA (Pfeiffer). PI. 19, fig. 3. Shell turrite, solid, distinctly and closely granulate, black- brown; spire long, forming an acute cone above. Whorls 8, convex, the upper ones remotely costate, the last whorl two- sevenths the total length, angular below the middle, smooth ; aperture a little oblique, subrhombic, bluish within, columella calloused, white, twisted, subtruncate at the base; peristome unexpanded, acute. Length 46, diam. 16 mm., aperture 15 mm. long, 8 wide. (Pfr.) . Kauai (Dr. Newcomb, in Cuming coll.) Spiraxis paradoxa PFR., P. Z. S. 1853, p. 128; Monogra- phia iv, 572. Carelia p., PFR., Monographia viii, 251. PEASE, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 473. BORCHERDING, Monogr. Carelia p. 231, pi. 19, fig. 5. Pfeiffer also described a var. b ; larger, white becoming orange-red towards the apex, the last whorl deep purple- chestnut around the columella; length 60, diam. 18 mm. Borcherding's figure is copied; but it seems to represent only an exceptionally granose specimen of newcombi. 3. C. PILSBRYI Sykes. PL 18, fig. 10. "Shell elongate, spire much produced, imperforate ; sculp- ture consisting of well-marked, irregular, longitudinal lines, these gradually becoming weaker towards the protoeonch, which is smooth ; color of the last whorl red-brown, gradually fading on the upper whorls till the protoeonch is only faintly 106 CARELIA. tinged. "Whorls 8, the last measuring more than half the en- tire length, moderately inflated, with a well-marked suture; mouth lunate, outer lip (broken) hardly thickened at all, the white eolumellar margin reflexed and slightly expanded." Length 65, diam. 23 mm. (Sykes). Kauai. Carelia pilsbryi SYKES, Proc. Malac. Soc. London viii, April, 1909, p. 204, with fig. BORCHERDING, Monogr. Carelia, p. 232, pi. 19, f. 6, 7. "A single specimen, purchased from the collection of the late Mr. Rogers, has remained some years unnamed in my collection. As other workers have also been unable to identify it, I now give a description and figure. "From C. bicolor Jay, it differs in its larger size and also its color; from C. cochlea, Rve., and cumingiana, Pfr., in the absence of keeling and the more inflated whorls ; from C. dolei Ancey, its size will readily distinguish it; from C. olivacea Pease, it differs in color and shape ; from C. paradoxa Pfr., it may be known by the absence of granular sculpture ; from C. turricula Mighels, it may be separated by the coloring, length of the last whorl, and lack of keel at the base. C. sinclairi Ancey, is unknown to me, and C. glutinosa Ancey, is not, I believe, really a Hawaiian shell. I have only seen a single specimen of C. pilsbryi, and the species is, I should think an extinct one, like some others of the group." (Sykes.) 4. C. OLIVACEA Pease. ' ' Shell elongately turrited ; whorls 8-9, flatly convex, smooth or obscurely ribbed transversely, the last roundly angulate at its base; aperture small, ovate, about one-fifth the length of the shell ; columella strongly arched and obliquely trun- cate at base ; covered with a. greenish-olive epidermis, which often, after the death of the animal, darkens; the suture is sometimes margined with a white or light colored band, which is free of epidermis; aperture bluish, edge black, base of columella dark-chestnut." (Pease). Length 69, diam. 19 mm. Sandwich Islands, Kauai (Pease). CARELIA. 107 Carelia olivacea PSE., American Journ. of Conch, ii, p. 293 (Oct. 1, 1866). C. variabilis PSE., Journ. de Conehyl. 1870, p. 402, with var. viridis; P. Z. S. 1871, p. 473, with var. olivacea and viridans. BORCHERDING, Monogr. Carelia, 1910, pp. 233-235, pi. 19, f. 8, 9. This was described from a single example, which Pease afterward considered to be "a mere variety of C. variabilis." Pease's account is given in full. No other definite informa- tion bearing upon the forms has been published, but Borcher- ding has figured a shell which he takes to be variabilis. One of his figures is copied, pi. 19, fig. 2. 4&. Var. VARIABILIS Pease. Shell elongate- turrite, solid, transversely irregularly roughly raised-striate ; blackish, the suture bordered with yellowish, spire reddish-brown. Whorls 7, flattened; the last two-fifths the length of the shell, sometimes angular below the middle. Aperture vertical, ellipsoidal, blue within ; colu- mella arcuate, somewhat calloused, plicate at the base, white, truncated basally; peristome unexpended, acute. Length 55, diarn. 20 mm. (Pse.) Var. viridis. Shell wholly green, with no band. (Pse.) Kauai: this species is found in a space of over 15 miles on the eastern part of Kauai, therefore occupying a larger area than any other of the genus (Pse.). "The form most nearly related is C. fuliginea Pfr. C'. olivacea Pease, which I described from a single individual, is probably only a mere variety of C. variabilis. "When the animal becomes adult it vacates the upper whorls; hence the spire in all the living individuals I col- lected is as though dead, decolored and turning light brown. It is probably the largest species of Carelia. I found the last three whorls of a shell which must have had a length of 3 inches when living." (Pse.) Pease subsequently (1871) mentions, but does not define, a "var. viridans", doubtless an error for viridis. 108 CARELIA. 5. C. HYATTIANA Pilsbry, n. sp. PL 21, figs. 1, 2. The shell resembles C. turricula in shape. The embryonic whorls and up to the end of the 4th taper more rapidly than those following. The first S 1 /^ are bicolored and nearly flat, with a sculpture of narrow, curved, axial grooves, separated by much wider intervals. They are somewhat worn in the type. The rest of the whorls are rather weakly and about equally convex, with sculpture of faint growth-wrinkles and indistinct traces of fine, dense, wavy spiral striolation. The color of the post-embryonic whorls is fallow or tawny yellow; this deepens to a rich chestnut and then dark reddish chest- nut on the last whorl, which is darkest basally. A rather narrow (about 1.5 mm.) snow white zone borders the suture below, on the last five whorls. The aperture is ovate. Colu- mella vertical, brown, with a very weak basal truncation and no noticeable spiral lamella. Length 54, diam. 17.2, length of aperture 17 mm. ; whorls 9. Hawaiian Is. Type no. 10132 A. N. S. P., presented by Dr. T. B. Wilson. This species is based upon a fossil shell which was asso- ciated with C. dolei in the collection, and which evidently came from the same formation. It differs from C. dolei in wanting an angle or carina at the shoulder at all stages of growth. On the last whorl there is an obtuse but quite ap- preciable basal angle, which, with its shorter aperture, serves to differentiate this species from C. pilsbryi Sykes. Compared with C. turricula, this species is less robust at all stages of growth ; the columellar twist is weaker, and the coloration different. C. olivacea Pease may be identical with this shell, but the proportions, from Pease's measurements, must be much more slender. The var. variabilis of Pease, of the same length as hyattiana, is wider and has two whorls less. 6. C. COCHLEA (Reeve). PI. 18. figs. 5, 6, 8. Shell turrited, slowly tapering, more rapidly so near the summit; reddish brown, darker towards the apex, with a CARELIA. 109 white band revolving below the suture throughout. The first three whorls are nearly flat, the rest moderately convex, the last whorl obtusely angular peripherally. The early whorls have curved riblets, as usual in the genus; on the fourth whorl spiral sculpture begins, often abruptly becoming- stronger at or near the end of the fourth whorl. Subse- quent whorls have 5 or 6 strong unequal spiral cords and light growth-lines; base smooth. The aperture is rhombic; columella descends in a long spiral curve, the basal truncation being very weak. Length 38, diam. 13.7 mm.; whorls fully 8. (fig. 6). Length 39, diam. 14.5 mm.-, whorls 7~y (Reeve's type, ac- cording to Pfr. ; fig. 5). Kauai. Achatina cochlea REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 1, f. 5 (Feb., 1849). PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 498; Conchyl. Cab. p. 347, pi. 38, f. 7. Carelia cochlea PFR., Monogr. viii, 251. SYKES, Proc. Mai. Soc. Lond. viii, 1909, p. 204. - - BORCHERDING, Monogr. Carelia, p. 236, pi. 20, figs. 3, 4. The numerous strong spiral cords of this species differentiate it from other forms having a white sutural band. It is a rare snail, the exact locality is still unknown. All the speci- mens we have seen are "dead" shells, and we presume that Reeve's type was equally so. 7. C. DOLEI Ancey. PI. 18, figs. 1 to 4; pi. 16, fig. 10. Shell elongate-turrited, solid, (dead), without gloss; in- tense wine-brown colored, darker at the acute apex and the aperture. Striate, the stria less distinct at the aperture. Spire very much lengthened, slowly tapering, a little more rapidly so above. Whorls 9 to 9 1 / L , slowly increasing, the first scarcely convex, suture linear, following 5 whorls at first sloping, then angular above the middle, flattened below the angle ; suture impressed ; the last whorl has an upper angle, with another obtuse one below the middle, sides flat, tapering downward. Aperture oblong, acute above, taper- ing, brown inside. Columella thick, strongly and obliquely truncate, white, arcuate above; parietal callus strong. Length 110 CARELIA. 45 to 51, diam. 14 to 16, alt. of aperture 12 to 13 mm. (Ancey). Kauai: Hanalei (Baldwin). Carelia dolei ANCEY, Mem. Soc. Zool. France 1893, vi, p. 328 (1894). BORCHERDING, Monogr. Carelia, p. 237, but probably not pi. 20, f. 5, 6. Carelia cumingiana var. kobelti BORCHERDING, Monogr. Carelia p. 239, pi. 20, f. 1, 2. This species was based on dead examples, presumably fossil. There is a superb set of 91 shells from sand dunes along the shore, Haena, northern Kauai, in the collection of Mi 1 . C. M. Cooke. It is a, highly variable form, closely related to C. cumingiana, from which it differs by the more slender spire, the generally weaker basal angle, and the weaker de- velopment of minor spirals on the neanic whorls. The upper angle or keel begins on the fourth whorl (pi. 16, fig. 10) ; it varies widely in degree of prominence, and sometimes becomes subobsolete on the last two or three whorls. In a few cases it is doubled (pi. 18, fig. 3). The basal angle is usually rounded off, and seems never to be so strong as in C. cumingiana. The more minute surface- sculpture is like that of cumingiana, except in the weaker spirals. As in cumingiana the fiat, sloping shoulder is often weakly plicate ; otherwise the later whorls appear smooth un- der the lens. The specimens are in large part bleached, but many show color. The first four whorls are usually purplish with a narrow subsutural white border. This color fades to white on the following whorls. The last two or three whorls are chestnut, the base darker, with a wide white zone below the suture. This zone includes the shoulder-keel, thus differing from C. cumingiuna' in which the white zone lies above the keel. In a few examples the early whorls are white. Several shells in which the upper carina is weak on the later whorls, want the subsutural white zone. They are chestnut-colo-red, paler just below the suture and in the upper part of the spire ; apical whorls either pale or dark, (fig. 4). This seems to be the typical color form, described by Ancey. The specimens figured measure as follows: CARELIA. Ill Length 44.5, diam. 15 mm. ; whorls Length 46.5, diam. 13.5 mm. ; whorls 9. Length 43, diam. 14 mm. ; whorls Length 36, diam. 13.5 mm. ; whorls This species is slightly more advanced in evolution than C. cumingiana, shown by the frequent loss or weakness -of the keel on the last whorl, a feature of senility. Borcherding's C. cumingiana var. kobelti was based upon specimens resembling my figs. 1 and 2, and probably from the same locality. The form he figures as typical dolei wants the spiral angles described by Ancey. If the specimen is dolei, it is very far from typical. 8. C. RIGIDA Hyatt, n. sp. PI. 21, figs. 8, 13. The shell is slender, turrited, the last 5 whorls increasing slowly, those earlier much more rapidly; red-brown, with a narrow whitish band below the suture on the last 5 who'-K its lower edge not sharply defined; the upper whorls and f he base somewhat darker than the intermediate whorls. Whorls 8%, the upper ones but slightly convex, the last five moder- ately convex, chiefly just above the middle of each, where there is a group of about 3 weak spiral striae on the last 3!/2 whorls. The last whorl is convex close below the suture, distinctly flattened peripherally, angular at the base, slightly concave below the angle. Aperture small. Columella with the twist not very prominent. Length 46.8, diam. 14 mm.. length of aperture 13 mm. Kauai. This species is related to C. cochlea and C. dolei, and may turn out to be a form of the latter. The strong basal angle, the spiral strige of the upper surface, and the much lengthened spire of many whorls are its chief characters. Description and figures from specimen in coll. Dr. C. Montague Cooke, labeled by Hyatt, whose account follows. This species is similar to Carelia cumingiana, but the white band is much narrower, being often a mere trace, and the shoulder less prominent. The apertures are however very much alike, owing to the rate of growth, the flatness of the 112 CARELIA. outer part of the dorsum or sides, and the flattening of the base. The dorsum may be covered with longitudinal [spiral] ridges until near the basal angle. There are five shells from Kauai in the Boston Society collection, and one shell in Cooke's collection, from Kauai (Hyatt). 9. C. CUMINGIANA (Pfeiffer). PI. 21, figs. 3, 4, 5; pi. 18, figs. 7, 9. The shell is turrited, rather solid, smoothish. The spire tapers slowly, but terminates above in a more rapidly taper- ing cone. The first half or three-fourths whorl is smooth ; then rather coarse, curved, vertical ribs set in. On the third whorl these become finer and more or less split into sharp strijE. About the middle of the third whorl some shallow spiral sulci appear and part of the strise are cut into oblong granules; at the end of S 1 /^ whorls, weak cords appear at the shoulder and close above the suture below; these gradually enlarge into conspicuous angles or keels, the lower one usually covered at the suture except on the last whorl. The verti- cal sculpture gradually diminishes, leaving the last two whorls smooth. The embryonic whorls are bicolored, purple- black and tawny, but the dark lower zone gradually fades as growth proceeds, and is usually narrow or inconspicuous after the 4th whorl. The intermediate whorls of the spire are some shade of tawny brown. A pale zone below the suture begins on the fifth whorl, becoming opaque white on the last two or three whorls. The last whorl is biangular, smooth, and very dark brown or black below the white zone. Aperture trapezoidal, bluish white within, with a broad black margin within the thin, acute lip. Columella concave, bluish white with a brown edge, narrowly truncate at base; spiral lamella above the truncation moderate or inconspicuous. Length 43.5, diam. 16 mm. ; whorls 8. Length 46, diam. 14.5 mm. ; whorls 8. Length 37, diam. 15.5 mm. ; whorls 7. ''Length 48, diam. 16 mm.; whorls 8" (Pfr., type). Kauai. Spiraxis cumingiana PFR., P. Z. S. 1855, p. 106, pi. 32, f . 1 ; CARELIA. 113 Monogr. iv, 572. Carelia c., PPR., Monogr. viii, 251. BOR- CHERDING, Monogr. Carelia p. 238, pi. 19, f. 10, 11; pi. 20, f. 5, 6. This species differs from C. ~bicolor by the strong develop- ment of spiral sculpture. At least the fourth whorl has numerous low spiral cords; the shoulder keel is conspicuous on the last three whorls, and the strong baso-peripheral angle limits a flat peripheral area on the last whorl. The white band below the suture varies but little in width, in the series of 14 specimens examined. In C. dolci the spire is decidedly more slender above, and the sculpture of the early neanic whorls differs. 10. C. BICOLOR (Jay). PI. 20, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 7. Shell oblong-ovate, solid though not thick, spire red-brown, darkening on the apical and penult, whorls, the last whorl or two black or black-brown, with a cream-white zone be- low the suture; this zone ascends the spire 2,y 2 or 3 whorls, and reappears on the earliest whorls. The first 3% whorls are but slightly convex and form a conic terminal cone ; fol- lowing whorls become decidedly convex, and taper more slowly. The indistinct spirals of the early neanic whorls often became low subobsolete cords or angles on the last whorl. The angle bounding the base, distinct in the neanic stage, is sometimes traceable in adult shells. Aperture very dark with a bluish iridescence inside. The columella is moderately concave, narrowly truncate at the base, and bears a very obliquely descending white lamella. Length 36.5, diam. 15, length aperture 13 mm. Whorls 7i/j- Length 34, diam. 13.5, length aperture 13 mm. Whorls 7Vo. Kauai : Hanekapiai ; on -the ground, under Dracama leaves, on terraces of the slope at about 800 ft. (C. M. Cooke). Achatina licolor JAY, Catalogue of Shells, 3d edit., 1839. p. 119, pi. 6, fig. 3. The typical form of C. bicolor is a rare shell in collections. The specimens described and figured are from the collection of Mr. C. M. Cooke. The width of the subsutural white band varies a good deal 114 CARELIA. from l 1 /^ to 5 mm. wide in shells about 35 mm. long. In some shells the junction of the white band with the dark color is a sharp line ; in others the dark color fades gradually through red-brown; again, bright blue appears at the upper edge of the darker color. The embryonic whorls and a young shell in the Amastroid stage are shown in pi. 16, figs. 7 and 9. The following form seems to be a synonym. Var. suturalis Ancey. "The shell is like typical C. fuli- ginea except that it is marked with more conspicuous super- ficial spiral lines on the last whorl; upper part of the last whorl margined broadly and diffusely with buff-white, and sometimes encircled below the sutural zone with a few narrow lines of the same color. Length 38, diam. 16.5, alt. aperture 18.5 mm. Kauai (Baldwin). In this variety the pale band is not well defined as in C. bicolor Jay, which is usually con- sidered a form of the same species." (Carelia fitliginea Pfr., var. suturalis Ancey, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vi, 122, 1904) . 10a C. B. HYPERLEUCA n. var. PI. 20, figs. 5, 6. Upper (outer) surface of the last two or three whorls white, with a very thin, pale yellowish cuticle ; base chocolate or black, early whorls colored like bicolor. There are inter- grading specimens connecting this with bicolor, such as pi. 20, fig. 5, and others connecting with adusta, pi. 20, fig. 7, in which the upper surface of the last whorl is red-brown, much lighter than the base. In fact, the color-forms of C. bicolor probably have no existence as separate races. Their status must be determined by the naturalist in the field. 106. C. B. ADUSTA Gould. PI. 20, figs. 8, 9, 10. "Shell turrite, with pyramidal apex, imperf orate, solid, blackish-brown, pale 'above. Whorls 7, convex, lightly striate, the last subcarinate. Aperture oval, opaline within ; lip sim- ple, acute, black; columella ivory-like, produced in a tooth anteriorly. Length l 1 /^ diam. % inch." (Old.) Kauai: Haena. Achatiiia adusta OLD., Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, ii, 1845, p. 26. Acliatina fiiliginea PFR., P. Z. S. 1852, p. 66 CARELIA. 115 (1854); Monogr. iii, 490; Conchyl. Cab. p. 367, pi. 43, f. 21, 22. Achatina bicolor Jay, PPR., Conchyl. Cab. p. 335, pi. 39, f. 6, 7. DESHAYES in Fer., Histoire, p. 188, pi. 122, f. 4, 5. REEVE, Icon, v, pi. 1, f. 4. Carelia bicolor Jay, BINNEY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1876, p. 185, pi. 6, and Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. iii, p. 103, pi. 6, f. I (dentition), pi. 16, fig. D (jaw). This form differs from C. bicolor only in the absence of a white zone below the suture. The last one or two whorls are chocolate or black, the spire red-brown, and the embryonic whorls dark again above the suture. Often the red-brown of the spire extends upon the upper half of the last whorl, the basal half remaining black. Mr. C. M. Cooke found adusta living with true bicolor at Haena. All the figures published as bicolor represent adusta, except Jay's original illustration and Borcherding 's figures. lOc. C. B. FULIGINEA Pfeiffer. PI. 21, figs. 9, 10. "Shell ovate-turrite, solid, roughly striate, glossy, sooty- black; spire turrite the apex acute. Whorls G 1 /^, convex, the last about two-fifths the length, very obsoletely angular be- low the middle columella arcuate, vertically truncate at the base. Aperture slightly oblique, subrhombric-oval ; peristome simple, acute. Alt. 36, diam. 16 mm." (P/r.). Pfeffer's original figures are copied. Borcherding con- siders this form specifically distinct from adusta on account of its color, which is black with no visible indication of brown, and its luster, fuliginea being glossy when the cuticle is preserved, while bicolor and adusta are dull. Pfeiffer's original figures show brown upper whorls. In the series be- fore me I cannot trace such a difference in luster between the forms as Borcherding claims. In fact, I am much dis- posed to rank fuliginea as a synonym of adusta. References are given under adusta. Borcherding has described several supposed varieties of adusta as follows: 116 CARELIA. Var. minor Borcherding. PI. 20, figs. 13, 14. "A quite small dark black-brown form only 24 mm. long" (C. adusta Gld. var. minor Borcherding, Monogr. Carelia p. 244, pi. 20, f. 17, 18). lOe. Var. zonata Borcherding. PI. 20, fig. 15. "An elegant form of black-brown color and 28 mm. long. Comes near the typical form of adusta but has a sharply defined white band below the suture" (C. adusta Gld. var. zonata Borcherding, Monogr. Carelia p. 244, pi. 20, f. 13, 14). A "Carelia adusta Gould var. minor form zonata" Bor- cherding (pi. 20, figs. 11, 12) is defined as "a third pretty form of red-brown color and 25 mm. long stands near var. minor but has a sharply defined white band below the suture" (Borcherding, t. c. p. 244, pi. 20, f. 15, 16). The "zonata" forms are apparently small forms of bicolor. Wf. C. B. ANGULATA Pease. PL 20, fig. 16. "Shell generally more slender, whorls above broadly angu- lar. The wide and acute angulation which occupies the greater part of the width of the whorls gives this variety a particular aspect, which I think should be distinguished by a special name" (Pease). Carelia adusta var. angulata PEASE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1870, p. 403. The specimen figured measures, length 25%, diam. 12 mm., having 6% whorls. The first whorl is smooth, the next. two rather strongly costulate, about as in pi. 16, fig. 9. Then the surface becomes striate. At the first third of the fourth whorl an angle at the shoulder begins, becoming stronger to the last whorl, where it is rather acute, the surface slightly concave above and below it, A less acute angle divides the flat peripheral from the slightly convex basal surface. The embryonic whorls are bicolored, the upper third pale fleshy brown, lower two-thirds dark red-brown; following whorl light fleshy brown, becoming darker on the penult., dark brown on the last whorl, but pale below the suture. CARELIA. 117 The spire widens more rapidly than in C. dolei, and the lower angle is decidedly stronger. In C. cumingiana the sur- face is smoother, the coloration much more brilliant, and there is more sculpture on the first neanic whorl. 11. C. SINCLAIR! Ancey. PI. 16, fig. 8 ; pi. 21, figs. 6, 7. Shell subfossil, reddish white or fleshy whitish, with the aperture and part of the last whorl before it usually violet- red; scarcely shining, solid, the young very narrowly per- forate, generally imperforate; oblong-tapering. Spire conoid with subconvex outlines, a little obtuse. Whorls 8, the first 4 smooth, the rest obliquely and closely, subirreg- ularly plicate, upper whorls flattened, the lower a little convex, last whorl ovate, rounded. Suture more or less dis- tinctly margined below, simple above. Aperture suboblique, tapering-oval, narrow above and below, angular above. Colu- mella arcuate, thickened, somewhat twisted, obliquely and lightly truncate above the base. Basal margin forming an angle with the columella, outer lip regularly elliptical. Peristome simple, acute, unexpanded. Length 32 to 37, diam. 14 to 16, alt. aperture 12 to 14 mm. (Ancey}. Island of Niihau. Carelia sindairi ANCEY, Mem. de la Soc. Zool. de France v, 1892, p. 720; vi, 1893, p. 322. BORCHERDING, Monogr. Carelia, p. 246, pi. 20, f. 19, 20. "It is distinguished easily by the oval shape, oblong last whorl without angularity, the striation and the general ap- pearance resembling Amastra violacea Newc." From the freshness of some of the specimens Mr. Bor- cherding concludes that the species is perhaps still living in some secluded valley in the somewhat wooded interior of Niihau. Specimens were distributed many years ago by Dr. Wesley Newcomb under the (unpublished) name Carelia cxtincta Nc. One of these is figured on pi. 16, fig. 8. The first whorl is smooth, the next very finely striate. While about equal to C. b. adusta in size, this species differs by its less convex, coarsely striate whorls and margined suture. 118 PTERODISCUS. This species and C. bicolor resemble Amastra much more closely than the species having the basal volution angulated. Species incorrectly described as Carelia. C. glutinosa Ancey. Shell long-conoid, irnperf orate, solid ; white under a var- nish-like glossy buff cuticle, which is darker on the last whorl, yellowish-green at the summit. Spire long-conic, sub- acute, regularly tapering to the summit. Whorls 7, flattened, the lower ones a little convex, grooved with very close, slightly oblique growth-stria?, which are somewhat obsolete in the last two or three whorls, very distinct in the upper whorls, and are especially impressed at the linear suture; last whorl smooth, oblong, obtusely angular at the periphery (perhaps by accident). Aperture oblique, rather wide, scarcely angu- lar outwardly, tapering above and below, the throat white. Peristome simple, acute, unexpanded, the margins remote. Length 24, diam. 10, alt. of aperture 8.5 mm. (Anc.) Habitat unknown. Carelia glutinosa ANC., Memoires de la Societe Zoologique de France vi, p. 324, 1893. "This very characteristic species has been in my collection several years. It was formerly in the Boivin collection. It is the smallest of the genus, and easy to recognize by the long cone of the spire, the brilliant yellow cuticle, and the shape of the aperture, wide in the middle, etc." (Anc.) This species is not Hawaiian but belongs to the African group Ilomorus or Bocageia in Ackatinidce (Vol. XVII). Genus PTERODISCUS Pilsbry. Pterodiscus PILS., Manual of Conchology (Series 2), IX, p. 36, November 16, 1893, type " H. alata Pfr." Pils.,= P. wesleyi Sykes. -- SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, Mollusca, 1900, p. 292. PILSBRY and VANATTA, Proc. A. N. S. PhiLv 1905, p. 572. - - Helicamast ra PILSBRY and VANATTA, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1905, p. 570, type Amastra discus. Tropi- doptera ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Malac. France vi, 1889, p. 191, PTERODISCUS. 119 for Helix alata Pfr. Not Tropidopterus Blanchard 1845 (Coleoptera). Amastrinae with the shell lens-shaped or planorboid, much wider than high, umbilieate, thin, fragile, dull brown, composed of few (3y 2 to 5) whorls, which are carinate or angular per- ipherally at all stages of growth; peristome thin, or fragile, the columellar margin dilated, elsewhere simple. A colu- mcllar lamella is present at all stages of growth. The em- bryonic shell, of about 1% whorls, is flat above, conically tapering below, with microscopically crinkled cuticle and sculpture of weak, irregular radial wrinkles chiefly on the last half whorl. The adult shell is often loaded with for- eign material adhering chiefly in the form of an irregular extension of the periphery. Viviparous. Type : P. wesleyi Sykes. Distribution : Lanai and Oahu, living on the ground. Pterodiscus was clearly derived from Amastra, agreeing with that group in the dentition, the color and texture of the shell and in habits. Pterodiscus differs from Planamastra and Armsia by the presence of a columellar lamella at all stages of growth, from embryos of one whorl to the adult; but in some adult in- dividuals of P. wesleyi the lamella is very much reduced. This reduction does not indicate close relationship between P. ivesleyi and Planamastra, since the process has been in- dependent in the two forms. The immediate ancestors of Pterodiscus ivesleyi doubtless had a well-developed columel- lar lamella, whereas in Planamastra the lamella was lost so long ago that no trace of it remains even in the embryonic stage. All of the species of Pterodiscus usually plaster foreign matter, perhaps in part excrement, upon the shell, where it adheres chiefly at the periphery in form of an irregular flange. Some individuals are clean. Certain Amastras have the same peculiarity, but it has not been observed in Plana- mastra or Armsia. The shells of Pterodiscus are so thin that it is difficult to handle them without breaking. This genus was first proposed under the name Tropidoptcra 120 PTERODISCUS. by Mr. C. F. Ancey, who placed it between Sitala and Hyalinia, assigning to it one species, Helix alata Pfr. This generic term being preoccupied, Pilsbry substituted the name Pterodiscus, transferring the group to the Endodontidce as a subgenus of Endodonta. The type of Pterodiscus was stated to be H. alata Pfr., but the specimen so identified and figured by Pilsbry proved to be not the alata of Pt'eiffer, but a r.ew species which Mr. Sykes subsequently named P. wesleyi. Sykes raised Pterodiscus to generic rank in 1900; and in 1905 Pilsbry and Vanatta showed it to belong to the Aclia- tincllida: near Amastra. At the same time they created a group Hclicamastra, which is now found to be superfluous. Professor Hyatt, in his MS. on Amastrina: recognized P. cookei and P. heliciformis as representing a new genus allied to Amastra, but no other species was known to him. The fol- lowing accounts of Pterodiscus, Planamastra and Armsia have therefore been prepared wholly by Pilsbry. The embryonic shell has been fully described under P. tlia- anumi and P. a. litus. Key to Species of Pterodiscus. a. Species of Lanai. 6. Umbilicus one-sixth the diam. of shell. P. alatus, no. 1. & 1 . Umbilicus one-eighth the diam. P. a. litus, no. la. a 1 . Species of Oahu. &. Spire flat, or convex with flattened apex. c. Upper surface flat; umbilicus contained 5y 2 times in the diameter; periphery obtuse; 3.4x 10 mm. ; Waianae. P. discus, no. 2. c 1 . Upper surface slightly convex; umbilicus con- tained 4 times in diam. ; columellar lamella subobsoleta; 3.5x8.2 mm.; Kalaikoa, Wahiawa. P. li-esleyi, no. 3. c 2 . Similar but col. lam. distinct; Ewa. P. w. eivaensis, no. 3a. c 3 . Upper surface convex ; umbilicus nearly 5 times PTERODISCUS. 121 in diam. of shell; col. lam. rather strong; 4.2x 9.7 mm., 4 whorls. Near Kaaawa. P. thaanumi, no. 4. c 4 . Upper surface convex ; umbilicus GI/O to 9 times in the diam. of shell ; lamella weak ; 6x11 to 4.5x10.5 mm., 4 1 / whorls. Nuuanu. P. cookei, no. 6. c r '. Spire very low; umbilicus moderate; lamella rather strong; 14.5x4 mm., 5 whorls. Kona- huanui. P. rex, no. 5. I) 1 . Spire widely conic; whorls 5, the last carinate ; um- bilicus contained 5 times in the diameter ; Waianae. P. heliciformis, no. 7. 1. P. ALATUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 22, figs. 1-3. " Shell narrowly umbilicate, depressed, membranaceous, obliquely irregularly striate, having an oily luster, pellucid, brownish-corneous. Spire nearly flat. Whorls 3i/o, rapidly increasing, the last angular, encircled with a thin, deciduous wing-like carina, dilated in front. Base convex. Aperture very oblique, securiform. Peristome simple, unexpanded, the basal margin very deeply arcuate. Alt. 3, greater diam. 81/0, lesser 6 mm." (Pfr.) Lanai (Newcomb). Mountains behind Koele (Perkins). Helix alata PFR., P. Z. S. 1856, p. 33; Monographia Hel. Viv. iv, p. 116. Amastra (Kauaia) alata Pfr., SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, Mollusca, p. 355. Amastra (Helicamastra) alata Pfr., PILSBRY and VANATTA, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1905, p. 571, pi. 38, f. 4-6. Mr. E. R. Sykes who examined the type of this species writes: "this shell has a columellar plait. It is, in my opinion, not a Helicoid at all, but, belongs to an aberrant group of Amastra. The columellar plait does not ascend rapidly into the shell, but stands almost horizontally, and has no final knob." The specimen described below and figured on plate 22, is from Newcomb 's collection, and since Pfeiffer's types 122 PTERODISCUS. were from Newcomb, it may be inferred that they were from the same lot. In view of Dr. Pfeiffer's well-known accuracy as a diagnostician, it is hard to believe that his description of Helix alata was based upon the same species, since it dis- agrees in the number of whorls and shape of the spire, and in omitting a reference to the columellar lamella. The shell, in Newcomb 's specimen (pi. 22, figs. 1-3), is thin, umbilicate, biconvex, the base more convex than the spire, periphery carinate. Brown, nearly lusterless. Whorls 4, the first nearly smooth, hardly convex, the second flat, obliquely striate, with a peripheral marginal cord, the next whorl densely marked with growth-stria?, convex near the periphery but without a margining cord. Last whorl barely convex, sloping above, densely marked with growth-stride and on its later portion with some coarse oblique wrinkles; con- vex beneath. Umbilicus rather narrow and tubular, its width contained about 6 limes in the diameter of the shell. Aper- ture wider than high, the dilated columellar lip bearing an acute, subhorizontal lamella. Alt. 4.3, diam. 8.2 mm. The peristome is broken in the specimen figured, which has no wing of foreign material adhering to the periphery. la. P. ALATUS LITUS n. subsp. PI. 22, figs. 4, 5, 6. The shell is lens-shaped, the base usually more convex than the top, keeled, thin and fragile, dull, brown. The whorls are flat above ; the first half of the second whorl is margined above, as usual. Sculpture of very fine, close, retractive striae, and on the last whorl some coarse wrinkles in the same direction. The base is somewhat convex, not strongly angular around the umbilicus. It is more or less copiously smeared with dirt, which at the periphery forms an irregular flange. The umbilicus is very narrow, tubular, about one-eighth the diameter of the shell. Columellar margin dilated, thickened within in adults, and bearing a strong, subhorizontal lamella. Alt. 4.7, diam. 10 mm.; whorls 3%. (no peripheral flange). Alt. 4.3, diam. including flange 11.5 mm. Alt. 5, diam. 9.5 mm. (no peripheral flange). Lanai (D. Thaanum). Types 94501 A. N. S. P. PTERODISCUS. 123 The umbilicus is decidedly narrower than in Dr. Newcomb's specimens of H. alata. The embryonic shell when fully de- veloped is 2.5 mm. in diameter, with about 1% whorls. The first whorl is slightly convex, smooth except for a dense microscopic crinkling or shriveling of the cuticle; the next whorl is radially rather coarsely striate. There is no ap- pearance of spiral striation due to revolving bands of microscopic wrinkles, such as is seen in P. tkaanumi. 2. P. DISCUS (Pilsbry & Vanatta). PI. 22, figs. 7, 8, 9. Shell thin and fragile, openly umbilicate, flat above, con- vex below, the periphery carinate, the keel obtuse. Uniform dull brown. Whorls nearly 4, the first hardly convex, marked with faint growth-lines ; second whorl flat, weakly marked with oblique growth-lines, its outer edge distinctly margined, cord-like. The next whorl is slightly convex, without a periph- eral cord or margin, and has rather rude wrinkled stria?. The last whorl becomes more swollen above, in part rising above the level of the preceding whorls, and is rather rudely wrinkled. The angular periphery is on a level with the flat spire. The umbilicus is deep and subcylindric. The aper- ture is oblique, wider than high; outer and basal margins thin and simple, columellar margin dilated, bearing an acute, subhorizontal white lamella. Alt. 3.4, diam. 10 mm. Waianae, Oahu. Types No. 58,158, A. N. S. P., received from D. D. Baldwin. Amastra (Helicamastra) discus PILS. & VAN., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1905, p. 571, pi. 38, f. 1-3. This curious snail differs from P. alatus by its flat spire, irregular growth and larger umbilicus. It is much more de- pressed than P. heliciformis Anc., with fewer whorls. Pterodiscus rex Sykes is a larger species with peripheral appendages as in Pterodiscus ivesleyi. It seems to have a much smaller umbilicus than P. discus, but neither the de- scription nor figure are clear on this point. 3. P. WESLEYI (Sykes). PI. 23, figs. 1-5, 9. umbilicate, thin, flat above, convex beneath, carinated 124 PTERODISCUS. peripherally, brown with some irregular yellowish streaks, nearly lusterless. Whorls 31/2, the first perceptibly convex at the beginning, soon becoming flattened, the first half of the second whorl a little impressed above the suture, which thus appears margined for a short distance. It is sculptured with very fine oblique growth strite, with some coarser wrin- kles on the last whorl. Last whorl is rather bluntly carin- ated, the keel on the last half whorl bearing an irregular flange or "wing" of adhering earth; base convex, obtusely angular around the tubular umbilicus. Aperture oblique, much wider than high, the lip thin and simple, the colu- mellar margin dilated, bearing a very low, indistinct spiral ridge in the middle. This ridge is in the substance of the shell, and is hardly perceptibly thickened by callous deposit, Alt. 3, diam. 8 mm. Kalaikoa, Oahu (D. D. Baldwin). Type No. 58,159, A. N. S. P. Ewa (C. M. Cooke) ; Wahiawa (D. Thaanum). Endodonta (Pterodiscus} alata Pfr., PILSBRY, Manual of Conch., ix, p. 36, pi. 4, fig. 44 (no 'specific description or measurements). --Endodonta (Pterodiscus) luesleyi SYKES, Proc. Mai. Soc. Lond., ii, p. 127, 1896, based upon preceding reference. Pterodiscus ivesleyi SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, Moll., p. 292. PILSBRY & VANATTA, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1905, p. 573, pi. 39, f. 7, 8, 9. This shell agrees well with Pfeiffer's description of Helix alata; but as the British Museum specimens under the name alata and those in the Newcomb collection have the columella strongly lamellate, it has been held by Mr. Sykes that Pfeiffer overlooked the lamella. At all events, alata is cer- tainly from Lanai, where it has been taken also by Mr. Perkins. Named in honor of Dr. Wesley Newcomb. The type specimen is fully described above and illustrated on pi. 23, fig. 9. It is evidently not quite adult. The very low columellar ridge or incipient lamella was overlooked in former accounts of the species. Specimens from Wahiawa, Oahu, collected by Mr. Thaanum, pi. 23, figs. 1 to 5, are typical, and being fully adult they show the characters better than the type. The shell is red- PTERODISCUS. 125 dish-brown with some yellowish streaks along the wrinkles, which are quite coarse on the last whorl. The periphery may be either clean or heavily loaded with foreign material. The outline of the base is slightly convex, and it is distinctly angular around the umbilicus, which is one-fourth the total diameter. The columellar lamella is excessively weak and brownish in even fully adult shells. Its position is indicated inside the umbilicus by a slight furrow. A clean adult meas- ures : alt. 3.5, diain. 8.2 mm. ; whorls 4. 3a. P. wesleyi cwaensin, n. subsp. PL 23, fig. 10. The form from Ewa in the C. M. Cooke collection, is prac- tically typical in shape and sculpture, but the columellar lamella is decidedly stronger, being distinct and whitish. In the type of wesleyi the columellar lamella is represented only by a very inconspicuous ridge hardly noticeable. 4. P. THAANUMI n. sp. PI. 24. figs. 1, 2. The shell is lens-shaped, umbilicate, the umbilicus contained nearly 5 times in the diameter of the shell, fragile, but slightly shining, dull brown, with sculpture of fine retractive strias and on the last whorl some coarse wrinkles. Whorls 4, the second with a margin above the suture, the first two fiat, the rest nearly so; last whorl carinate, convex beneath, not distinctly angular around the umbilicus. Peristome fragile; columellar margin dilated. Columellar lamella thin but rather strong, sloping slightly downwards, becoming very weak on the dilation of the lip. Alt. 4.2, diam. 9.7 mm. Oahu: Kukaeiole, near Kaaawa, on the northeastern coast (D. Thaanum) ; type no. 95045 A. N. S. P. This species has a. narrower umbilicus than P. wesleyi, but wider than in P. rex or P. cookci. It is less angular around the umbilicus, the base not rising so high there. The colu- mellar lamella is stronger than in P. ivesleyi. The embryo (pi. 25, figs. 1, 2, 3) is about 2.6 mm. in dia- meter, with 1% whorls. The first has microscopic crinkling of the cuticle as noticed in P. alatus litus. but the stria? on the second whorl are finer than in that form. There is an 126 PTERODISCUS. appearance of spiral striation, produced by spiral bands of microscopic, radially arranged wrinkles, visible on the last part of the first whorl, and the first half of the second. 5. P. REX (Sykes). PL 24, figs. 7, 8. "Shell much depressed, heliciform; umbilicus deep, *of moderate size; dark horn-color, strongly rugosely striated, with a fairly large protoconch; whorls five, increasing regu- larly, plano-convex, the suture being impressed and well marked ; the last whorl is carinate, flattened above and some- what inflated at the base; at the periphery the periostracum is exaggerated into a produced layer, from which projections in the shape of arrow-heads arise at right angles to the periphery; mouth subquadrate, with the lip hardly thickened and not reflected ; columellar plait fairly strong and horizontal. Diam. maj. (with the peripheral wing) 14.5, alt. 4 mm." (Sykes). Summit of Konahuanui, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, amongst dead leaves and moss. This very interesting shell was col- lected by Mr. Ernest Lyman, and was kindly sent to me by Prof. H. W. Henshaw. Amastra (Kaiiaia) rex SYKES, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 7, vol. xiv, August, 1904, p. 159, wood- cuts. "It somewhat recalls in form and appearance the well- known Helidna agglutinans, the perioslracum covering the shell and being produced into an uneven wing at the periph- ery, some of the projections extending to 2 mm. from the shell. The species belongs to the group of Amastra alata, Pfr., and A. heliciformis, Ancey; from the latter, which is also n Oahu shell, it may readily be separated, in addition to its greater size and remarkable development of periostracum, by its more depressed form and smaller (proportionally) umbilical area." (Sykes}. A form which seems probably referable to P. rex was taken by Mr. D. Thaanum in Kalihi, a valley west of Nuuanu. The umbilicus is much smaller than in P. ivesleyi, contained about times in the diameter, angular at its opening, conic PTERODISCUS. 127 within. The second whorl is weakly or distinctly margined above the suture. The striation is very fine and close, with- out coarse wrinkles. Columellar lamella is well developed and horizontal. Some specimens have a flat wing with tri- angular processes built out upon the peripheral keel. Alt. 3.5, diam. 9 mm., with S 1 /^ whorls. 6. P. COOKEI Hyatt & Pilsbry, n. sp. PL 23, figs. 6, 7, 8. The shells are exceedingly thin and fragile, narrowly um- bilicate, the umbilicus contained GI/> to 9 times in the diameter of the shell ; biconvex, sometimes incrusted at the periphery and umbilicus. It is dull brown, with sculpture of fine re- tractive stria? and coarse, low wrinkles in the same direction. The 1/2 whorls are very slightly convex, the last angular at the periphery, convex beneath, not angular around the umbilicus. The suture is well impressed, but has no mar- gination above on the second whorl. The columella is di- lated, thin and paper-like, brownish. The columellar la- mella is very weak on the dilated part of the columella. but inwardly it becomes somewhat stronger, though thin and bent downwards, Alt. 6, diam. 11 mm. ; sometimes decidedly more depressed. Oahu: Nuuanu valley (Cooke). Type in coll. C. M. Cooke. This excessively fragile species is probably most closely related to P. rex, from an adjacent locality, but it seems to differ by the weaker columellar lamella and greater fragility. It is also less depressed, the lowest shell measuring about 4.5 x 10.5 mm., so far as can be ascertained in its broken condition. It is remarkable for the absence of margination above the suture on the second whorl, though there is a barely perceptible flattening in that region. Mr. Sykes does not mention whether the second whorl has a suprasutural mar- gination in P. rex. 7. P. HELICIFORMIS ( Ancey) . PI. 36, fig. 10. "Shell heliciform, depressed, broadly umbilicate (the um- bilicus open, deep, surrounded by an angle, about 2 mm. across), hardly shining, brown, wrinkle-striatulate, a little 128 PTERODISCUS. solid. Spire depressed, very widely conic, rather obtuse. Whorls 5, regularly increasing, a little convex, the suture impressed, last whorl carinate, convexly sloping above, con- vex beneath, slowly but not deeply descending for a long distance in front. Aperture oblique, armed with an acute revolving simple columellar lamella, emarginate, irregularly circular, angular outwardly, the base rounded, margins re- mote, columellar margin straightly sloping, forming an angle with -the basal margin. Greater diam. 10, lesser 9, alt, 6, alt. of aperture 3.5 mm." (Ancey) . Oahu: Waianae (Baldwin). Amastra heliciformis ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, vii, 1890, p. 340. THWING, Occas. Pap. B. P. B. Mus., iii, no. 1, p. 162, pi. 3, f. 17 (?). "This Amastra is quite lens-shaped and Heliciform, but it is 'to be grouped as an extreme form, allied to A. kaiiaiensis, agglutinans and sphccrica" (Ancey) . Not seen by Pilsbry, but Hyatt prepared the following noles from specimens submitted by Mr. D. D. Baldwin : This extraordinary helix-like form has a large open um- bilicus and depressed spire, with a strong angulated border to the umbilicus and coarse but regular striae of growth ; the spire even in the extreme young has a very wide angle. The subangulation of the whorl is broad or truncated or with an- gulated edges, and may have longitudinal ridges both on its flattened ridge and accompanying it on the sides. This ap- pears late in life of the shell and persists, as in Amastra cy- clostoma, throughout life, to a late stage. The spire is more elevated and more carinated than in the shells collected by Mr. Cooke and described as Pterodiscus cookci. The calcar- eous layer, in the three shells received from Mr. Baldwin, is deficient in large part, so that it is difficult to handle them. The form, columella, the plication or tooth, and the young, show that this is an ally of Amastra spherica. Mr. Baldwin kindly states in a letter that, the shells so far collected by him are free from agglutinations. Achatinellidse PLATE 1O ''""' j .J^i/KiiS^rtV* -'' ' /i ' / 7 ..,.x V 8 10 Achatinellidae . --- 11 Achatinellidse PLATE 12 & 6 Aehatinellidse PLATE IS .: -- &*& W"'", ; ' ., ! '. r Y-. . hi** i 8 ,/' / ' ' ' Ub ukl .'. . 10 3 ' Wsk , - ^rl 1 6 1 9 Achatinellidas PLATE 14 -- . . 1 4' 2 Achatinellidse ; : '0:\:\^\\^i 3& Vvi 1 ':;-': 16 Achatinellidse PLATE 16 6 Achatinellidse PLATE 17 frei \ ... ' v. .---- - , > - v\v\ ; , v I , 15 Achatinellidse PLATE 18 3 ^ I . - >-' " ^ "!* 9 s 10 PLATE 19 Achatinellidse PLATE 20 Y 8 r 9 Achatinellidge | I - I 3 PLATE 21 - " . . I 8 9 ' . ' 10 11 [2 13 Achatinellidse PLATE 22 ; ' J ' , S,; ' / 2 \ fi .-s . i: X 'A /'fyf ,v^i wM#i \ i , ' -' ^ . . " s ; 9 Achatinellidse PLATE 23 I a , ^, - ',. - If) PLANAMASTRA. 129 Genus PLANAMASTRA nov. Amastrinae of discoidal shape, witli flattened embryonic whorls, like those of Pterodiscus, the umbilicus very broadly open. Peristome unexpanded, the columellar margin dilated, without a colmnellar lamella at any stage of growth. Vivi- parous. Type : P. digonophora. Distribution : Oahu. The jaw of P. digonophora is very thin, deeply arcuate, smooth except for a few wide plaits or flat ribs in the median part. Teeth of P. digonophora. The radula of P. digonophora has 11, 7, 1, 7, 11 teeth. Those of the median field stand in nearly straight transverse rows, but at the sides the rows of marginal teeth bend rapidly forward. The centrals are narrow, less than half the width of the adjacent lateral teeth, and bear a single small cusp. The lateral teeth are square, bicuspid with a large mesocone and small ectocone as usual. The marginal teeth .are short and broad, with the mesocone oblique, and the ectocone split into two, three or four minute, acute denticles. The embryonic shell of P. digonophora (pi. 25, figs. 4, 5, 6) is much smaller than in Pterodiscus, having a diameter of 1.8 mm. with 1% whorls. The top is like that of Pterodiscus, the first whorl being smooth except for some very faint radial ripples and a microscopic crinkling of the cuticle. On the second whorl the wrinkle-striation becomes coarser and re- tractive, and there are a few very faint spirals. The first whorl is slightly convex, the second flatter. Planamastra and Pterodiscus have in common a flat-topped embryonic shell. They doubtless diverged from a common 130 PLANAMASTRA. ancestor which had become differentiated from Amastra by this character; but while Pterodiscus retained the Amastroid columellar lamella, this was early lost in the Planamastra phylum, ij a feir irregularly placed spiral lines, as if scratched on a soft surface. The aperture is hardly ob- lique, small, ovate. Outer lip is obtuse, strongly thickened within. Columella bears -a subhorizontal lamella, rather small in front view, but very strong within, as seen in an oblique view in the mouth. The parietal callus is heavy, especially at the edge. Length 13.3, diam. 8 mm. ; length of aperture with peri- tome 6 l /2 mm. Length 14, diam. 8 mm. ; aperture 6% mm. Oahu : Fossil at Punchbowl Hill, Honolulu. Amastra vetusta BALDWIN, Proc. A. N. S. Phila,, 1895, p. 233, pi. 11, f. 50. AMASTRA, OAHU. 179 ' ' This species was also discovered by Prof. Lyons. It occurs near the base of Punchbowl Hill, at an altitude of twenty or thirty feet above sea-level, in a conglomerate of volcanic tufa and sand cemented together with carbonate of lime. Prof. Lyons thinks the shells must have lived near the spot where they are now found embedded in the rock, as there is no satis- factory way to account for their transportation from any dis- tance. If so, the conditions of climate when the shells flour- ished in that locality must have been quite different from those of the present time" (Baldwin). A. vetusta shows the thickening of shell and rude sculpture usual in land shells living in arid places with little shade or cover. It is related to A. transversalis and A. undata, both of which are thinner shells, also differing in shape. It is not more "primitive" than the allied recent forms. The type is figured, coll. A. N. S. P. 25. A. RETICULATA (Newcomb). PI. 29, figs. 2, 3, 4. "Shell conically ovate; whorls 6, much rounded; suture moderate except at the junction of the last whorl, which is deep. Aperture small, ovate ; columella short, with a plicate tooth, nearly transverse. Color brown or chestnut with white transverse lines and markings laid onto the epidermis in various patterns like lace-work or embroidery. Length twelve- twentieths, width seven-twentieths of an inch" [15x8.75 mm.] (Newc.). Oahu: Waianae (Newcomb); Lihue (Gulick); Mt. Kaala (Thwing). Co-types in coll. Newcomb and British Museum. Achatinella rdticulata NEWC., P. Z. S., 1853, p. 148, pi. 24, f. 54 (1854). PFR., Monogr., iv, 544. BALDWIN, Catalogue, p. 9. THWING, Orig. Descr., p. 159. Achatinella conspersa PFR,, P. Z. S., 1855, p. 7, pi. 30, f . 26 ; Monogr., iv, 544. Newcomb 's type was banded below the periphery, like fig. 3. The embryonic whorls appear smooth under an ordinary lens. Subsequent whorls have fine, unequal growth-wrinkles which are strongest below the suture. The aperture is but slightly oblique, flesh-tinted within. There is a strong white rib within the lip. The corumellar lamella is well developed. 180 AMASTRA, OAHU. The ground-color varies from light olivaceous-brown to red- dish-brown, and is variously marked with white flecks and streaks in spiral or irregular patterns, sufficiently shown in the figures. Specimens from Lihue are figured; three meas- ure : Length 13.1, diam. 8.7, aperture 7 mm. ; whorls S 1 /^. Length 13.8, diam. 8.1, aperture 7 mm. Length 12.8, diam. 8.7, aperture 6.5 mm. 25a. A. r. conspersa Pfeiffer. PI. 29, fig. 1. "Shell imperf orate, dextral, conic-ovate, rather thin, closely striate ; deep brown, bespread with dirty- whitish spots forming angulated streaks. Spire convexly conic, the apex acute ; suture simple. Whorls 6, the upper ones flattened, the penultimate more convex, the last about three-sevenths the total length, rounded. Aperture little oblique, sinuate- ellip- tical. Columellar fold subbasal, compressed. Peristome sim- ple, unexpanded; no columellar margin. Length 18, diam. 10.5, oblique alt. of aperture 9, width 5 mm." (Pfr.). Sandwich Is. (Frick, in Cuming coll.). Achatinella conspersa PFR., P. Z. S., 1855, p. 7, pi. 30, f. 26; Monogr., iv, 544. THWING, Reprints Orig. Descript., p. 159. Unknown to us. Pfeiffer's description and figure are copied. It seems to differ from reticulata only by the larger size, and it may possibly be identical with orientalis. We follow Newcomb in subordinating the form to A. reticulata. Mr. Thwing reports conspersa from near Lihue, remarking that it approaches A. reticulata. His translation of Pfeiffer's description of the colors is faulty. 25&. A. reticulata dispersa n. subsp. PI. 29, figs. 5, 6, 7. Dark chestnut with a columellar yellow patch, profusely variegated with light yellow or white, in broken streaks, stippled spiral lines or short vermicular spots, frequently absent below the periphery, or rarely markings may be absent. Last whorl vsometimes having a light brown ground. Spire short, obtuse, with very convex outlines. Embryonic whorls AMASTRA, OAJiU. 181 lower and broader than in reticulata, smooth. Aperture flesh- colored within, with a white submarginal callus. Columellar fold not so strong and horizontal as in reticulata. Length 17, diam. 9.7, aperture 9 mm.; 5y 2 whorls (type, %. 5). Length 15.5, diam. 9, aperture 8.1 mm. ; 5% whorls. Length 15.9, diam. 10, aperture 9 mm. ; 5y 2 whorls. Oahu: Waianae (Baldwin, Cooke). The summit is remarkably blunt in this form, and the out- lines of the spire typically far more convex than in A. reticu- lata, yet there are some specimens intermediate in this fea- ture. The axis is imperforate in all the adult shells seen. It is an extremely variable form. Two "dead" shells in the Boston Society collection from Waianae (out of no. 1759 Cooke coll.) showing extremes of contour in adult individuals, measure : Length 18.7, diam. 10.1, aperture 9 mm. ; 6 whorls. Length 13, diam. 8.2, aperture 7 mm. ; 5y 2 whorls. 25c. A. reticulata orientalis Hyatt & Pilsbry, n. subsp. PI. 29, figs. 8, 9, 10, 11. This includes the shells commonly referred to reticulata, which occur in the valleys of the eastern range. These differ from true reticulata in being somewhat stouter and in having blunter apices due to the more rapid widening of the shells. Some shells, however, show apices almost as sharp as in true A. reticulata. Some have a uniform brown pattern, but most of the shells 'are reticulated or necked with interrupted light bands as in reticulata, and are smooth in texture. There is no correlation between the colors and the shapes of the shells. The columellar fold is very strong and subhorizontal ; lap-rib thick. Apical sculpture as in A. reticulata. Length 15, diam. 8.1 mm. ; whorls 5%. Length 13.5, diam. 9 mm. ; whorls 5 l / 2 . Oahu, eastern range: Wahiawa (Gulick), types no. 92641 A. N. S. P.; Kahana (C. M. Cooke coll.). This may possibly be A. conspersa Pfr., but the figure of that shows a more pointed apex. A. r. dispersa has not quite 182 AMASTRA, OAHU. so strong a columellar fold as orientaUs, but it differs in little except geographic range. A specimen in coll. C. M. Cooke shows that this form extends over the crest of the range into Kahana valley. 25d A. reticulata errans n. subsp. PI. 29, figs. 12, 13. Shell with the general shape of A. reticulata, but thinner, less obese, with thinner or sometimes scarcely any thickening within the lip or on the columella, aside from the lamella, which is thin but broad. Axis rimate in two out of three ex- amples. Color chestnut of varying shades, with spiral lines of yellow spots, sometimes many (fig. 13), sometimes very few or scarcely noticeable. Length 12.2, diarn. 7.3, aperture 6.5 mm. ; whorls 5*4. Length 13, diam. 7.5, aperture 7 mm. ; whorls 5%. Waimano. Types no. 1133 C. M. Cooke coll. ; also Kahana. A small race, the thin texture of which is probably due to insufficient supply of lime. It occurred with a thin form of A. breviata. Two shells from Halawa, on the north aide of the range some distance northwest of Waimano, are similar but slightly more solid. One is stippled with buff on an olive- yellow ground, the other red-brown with indistinct contin- uous lighter lines. 26. A. COOKEI n. sp. PI. 38, figs. 4, 5. The shell is narrowly perforate, oblong-conic, moderately solid, glossy, without trace of dull or deciduous cuticle. Whorls very weakly convex ; outlines of the spire somewhat convex, becoming straight near the apex. Embryonic whorls faintly, finely striate (somewhat worn), following whorls marked with slight growth-lines, the last two having short, irregularly developed folds below the suture. The spire is reddish-brown ; penultimate and last whorls profusely varie- gated with short, forwardly-descending yellow markings and oblique streaks along growth-lines, and becoming brown be- hind the lip. Two imperfect, bands of the dark ground-color are visible. Aperture small, purplish within, the outer lip thin. Columellar margin brownish, expanded above, bearing AMASTRA, OAHU. 183 a very strong but thin subhorizontal lamella. Parietal callus thin. Length 16.7, diam. 8, length of aperture 6.5 mm. ; 7 whorls. Oahu: Moanalua (Irwin Spalding) . This species has the coloration and texture of A. reticulata, but is notable for its slender contour, rather narrow summit and small aperture. The pattern will probably be found variable, as in allied species. Type to be deposited in the Bishop Museum; collected by Mr. Irwin Spalding and re- ceived through Dr. C. Montague Cooke, whose name the species bears. 27. A. TRANSVERSALIS (Pfeiffer). PL 31, figs. 2, 3, 4, 5. "Shell subrimate, ovate-conic, solid, closely striate, some- what decussated with distant, spiral, impressed lines; black- ish-red, covered with a tawny- gray epidermis interrupted in spots and bands. Spire inflated-conic, acute. Whorls 6, slightly convex, the last two-fifths the total length. Aperture a little oblique, sinuate-oval. Columellar fold lamelliform, subbasal, almost transverse. Peristome unexpanded, whitish within or delicately lipped with rose. Length 12, diam. 6, aperture 5%x3 mm." (Pfr.) . Oahu (Frick, in Cuming coll.). Southeastern end of the main range in Keawaawa (Baldwin, Gulick), and Kuliouou valleys (Gulick). Achatinella transversalis PFR., P. Z. S. London, 1855, p. 204 ; Monographia Hel. Viv., iv, 551. The embryonic whorls are dark red-brown, very densely and finely striate vertically, and after the first whorl are de- cussated with very fine spiral lines. The last whorl has irreg- ular vertical striae, cut by incised spirals, which may be deep, strong and numerous or few and weak, sometimes so lightly marked that mere vestiges may be traced with difficulty. The ground-color is a rich dark red-brown, more or less covered by the whitish tracery which is wonderfully varied in pat- tern. Rarely the ground is a very light tint of broAvn, on which the creamy markings show but faintly. The interior is ordinarily dark flesh-colored, with a wide and moderately 184 AMASTRA, OAHU. thick border within the lip. The axis is rimate or imperfor- ate. Specimens from Keawaawa measure : Length 13.2, diam. 6.1, aperture 5.8 mm. ; 6 whorls. Length 12, diam. 6, aperture 5 mm. ; 6 whorls. Length 12, diam. 6.5, aperture 5.2 mm. ; 5% whorls. Length 10.5, diam. 6.1, aperture 5 mm. ; 5~y 2 whorls. By its embryonic sculpture, coloration and the spiral in- cised lines, this beautiful little snail is related to A. undata Baldw. It is not very closely allied to A. reticulata Newc.. with which Newcomb united it. One of us (Hyatt) consid- ered transversalis to belong to Amastrella, near brevis, pulla and pusilla. Figured from Keawaawa examples. As the type locality is unknown, we may consider this place as such. It is said to be now extinct. 28. A. CAPUTADAMANTIS n. sp. PI. 30, figs. 19, 20. The shell is cylindric-oblong, rather thin, the penultimate whorl nearly equal to the last in diameter; spire consequently bulging below, then rapidly tapering in a short cone. The surface is finely striate axially, the striae cut on the last two whorls by incised spiral lines (sometimes weak or nearly effaced). Whorls 5% to 6, slightly convex, the last com- pressed laterally. Aperture small, semioval, angular at both ends. Outer lip obtuse, thickened within ; columellar lamella small, situated near the base. Columellar lip reflexed and adnate, the 'axis imperforate or having a short, narrow crevice. Being fossil, the shells are white and chalky. Length 14, diam. 7.1, aperture 6 mm. Length 14.5, diam. 7.3, aperture 6 mm. Length 13.8, diam. 6.3, aperture 5.8 mm. Oahu : Diamond Head, near Honolulu, in a Pleistocene or Holocene deposit. Types no. 104687 A. N. S. P., collected by C. Montague Cooke, Jr. Undoubtedly a member of the A. textilis and transversalis group, but much less robust than the cylindric forms of the recent fauna and with a smaller aperture. It is more cylin- dric than A. transversalis, which occurs farther east and on the main range. AMASTRA, OAHU. 185 29. A. UNDATA Baldwin. PI. 29, fig. 14. The shell is imperforate, globose-ovate, moderately solid ; dark reddish-brown, with broad, irregular, light yellow stripes on the last two whorls, zigzag below the periphery, more or less confluent above it, and preceded by scattered whitish spots and dashes on one or two earlier whorls. Spire straightly conic, the whorls but slightly convex; embryonic shell rather sharply, finely striate ; later whorls deeply and finely striate, the strict cut by several incised spiral lines in the peripheral region and above it. Aperture subvertical, flesh-colored within ; a white callous rim within the lip. Columellar fold broad and subhorizontal. Length 19, diam. 12.1, length of aperture 10.2 mm. ; 6 whorls. Oahu : Nuuanu (Baldwin); Moanalua (C. Montague Cooke). Amastra undata BALDW., Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1895, p. 2)30, pi. 11, f. 39. This species, here described and figured from the type, no. 65722 A. N. S. P., according to Mr. Baldwin "is very rare and local in its distribution. Its principal features are the prominent rib-striae and the beautiful undulating markings of light and dark chestnut-brown." The strong spirals cutting the rib-striaa are also very characteristic. It differs from A. reticulata by the sharp striation of the embryonic shell, etc. The Moanalua specimen (Cooke coll.) agrees fully with the type from Nuuanu. A young one, also in the Cooke collec- tion, is very broad, and angular peripherally. The striped coloration commences at the 'beginning of the third whorl. The embryonic whorls are not well described by the term "sulcated," used by Mr. Baldwin. In the terminology used in this monograph they would be termed sharply and finely striate, but on the last embryonic whorl there is a low, indis- tinct undulation under the fine striation. 30. A. BADIA Baldwin. PI. 29, figs. 15, 18, 19. "Shell dextral, imperforate. rather thin, elongately ovate- conic; surface shining, sculptured with delicate, rather close thread-like rib-striag in the direction of the growth-lines; em- 186 AMASTRA, OAHU. bryonic whorls radiately sulcate J. Color dark chestnut-brown with light brown zigzag or undulating lines and markings. Whorls 6 l /2, slightly convex; suture moderately impressed. Aperture oval, a trifle oblique, livid white within, exhibiting the brown color of the exterior ; peristome acute, very lightly thickened within ; coluniella white, flexuous, abruptly termin- ating in a 'thin, slightly arched lamellar plait. Length 2Qy 2 , diam. lO 1 /^ mm." (Baldwin). Oahu: Ewa (Baldwin) ; Moanalua, Aeia and Waimano (C. M. Cooke) . Amastra badia BALDW., Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1895, p. 230, pi. 11, f. 40. In color, pattern and sculpture of the later whorls this form resembles A. undata. Whether there are spiral decus- sating lines on the last whorl of the type specimen was not stated by Baldwin, but they are present in one specimen ex- amined from Moaualua, wanting in another. In those from Waimano the spirals are either very faint, 'hardly noticeable, or wanting. A. badia differs from undata by its embryonic sculpture and the less obese, more ovate shape. The columellar lamella penetrates two whorls. The axis is imperforate in the adult and later neanic stages, but in the half-grown shell there is a rather widely open umbilicus, width about 1 mm. The embryonic whorls (pi. 29, fig. 19) are much more strongly sculptured than in A. undata. After the smooth initial half-whorl, coarse vertical ribs appear, changing to an irregular coarse malleation on the last half of the second whorl. Then short, rather coarse protractive ribs a.ppear below the suture, while above the lower suture there is another system of smaller, retractive folds, the two systems interfer- ing about the middle of the whorl. The third whorl has fine growth-lines only, and the color-pattern appears as a few white spots and irregular stripes. The ground-color of adults is dark red, upon which there are yellow streaks or spots. In some shells from Aeia the last whorl has a yellow suffusion, faintly mottled with dark. The shell is quite thin. Fig. 15 is a copy of Baldwin's type figure; figs. 18, 19 are immature shells from Waimano. Type in Baldwin coll. AMASTRA, OAHU. 1ST Series of A. cornea. Acutely or acurninately ovate Amastras, with the spire slender, attenuate, being more or less contracted near the apex; embryonic whorls very finely striate vertically and usually with traces of spirals (pi. 31, fig. 12). Cuticle thin, persistant, the last whorl without a dull outer or deciduous coat. Columellar lamella subborizontal. Rather small, long-spired derivatives of the reticuUita series, two species occurring in the Waianae range, two others, rare and local, in the eastern range. It is quite possible that the eastern species are divergent forms of the reticulata series, related to transversalis, textilis, irwiniana, etc., and not directly allied to those of the Waianae range. I am unable to settle this point. Key to Species. a. Lip strengthened by a strong white internal rim; spire brown, the last whorl opaque-whitish, often malleate ; Wai- anae range. A. crassilabrum, no. 32. a 1 . Lip thin or very slightly thickened. 6. Spire rapidly tapering from the last whorl. c. Shell brown, or with the last whorl pale ; pari- etal callus thin; Waianae Mts. A. cornea, no. 31. c 1 . Shell olivaceous; parietal callus thick; east- ern range. A. (emulator, no. 34. & 1 . Penult, whorl rather large, the spire wider below; fossil, eastern range. A. subcornea, no. 33. 31. A. CORNEA (Newcomb). PL 31, figs. 9, 10, 12, 13, 14. "Shell irregularly, acutely conical, the apex pointed; last whorl inflated ; thin, corneous, with minute longitudinal striae ; whorls 7, rounded; aperture subovate; lip thin, translucent; cohimella straight, white, and armed with a transverse plaited tooth. Color uniform dark 'horn, eolumella and tooth white. Length ten-twentieths, diam. five-twentieths of an inch. Hab- itat - -?" (Newc.). Oahu: Lihue (Gulick) ; below Kaala (Perkins) ; Kaala and 188 AMASTRA, OAHU. "Waianae (C. M. Cooke); Waianae (Baldwin). Go-types in coll. Newcomb and British Museum. Achatinella cornea NEWC., P. Z. S., 1853, p. 141, pi. 23, f. 32. Amastra c., SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, p. 335. This rather thin shell has the concavely tapering spire and somewhat bulbous last whorl of A. crassilabrum. The convex embryonic 2y 2 whorls show an elegant sculpture of extremely fine, sharp and close longitudinal striae. The later and last whorls are rather lightly marked with growth-wrinkles, but are not malleated as A. crassilabrum usually is. The cuticle is rather glossy, with no dull outer layer. Color brown or slightly reddish-brown, sometimes having a yellow border be- low the last turn of the suture. Newcomb 's figure, as well as specimens from him we have seen, show that he was rather wide of the mark in calling this species "corneous." The lip has only a thin callous rim within, and the parietal callus is also thin. Some shells are rather openly perforate, others being imperforate. Length 13, diam. 7, aperture 5.9 mm. ; 6% whorls. The smallest adult seen is 11 mm. long. In a series from Waianae (Baldwin) the last whorl in old shells is light yellow with some brownish streaks; the penul- timate whorl has a yellow subsutural line, the spire being otherwise rather dark brown. The aperture has the thin lip of cornea, with hardly any internal callous rim. Specimens measure : Length 17.5, diam. 8.5 mm. ; whorls 7 1 /. Fig. 14. Length 17.5, diam. 8 mm. ; whorls 7%. Fig. 13. Length 16, diam. 7.9 mm. ; whorls 7. An embryo from one of this lot (pi. 31, fig. 12) is long, rimate, with the periphery merely subangular, and the colu- mellar fold very weak and oblique. The shells from Kaala in C. M. Cooke collection are uni- form dark red-brown, typical in shape. A lot of three shells from Waia.nae in the Cooke coll. have the spire very light brown, last whorl light olivaceous-yellow- ish. One of these is figured, pi. 31, fig. 10. AMASTRA, OAHU. 189 32. A. CRASSILABRUM ( Newcoxn'b ) . PI. 31, figs. 6, 7, 8. The shell is acuminately ovate, solid ; the embryonic whorls are purple-brown tipped with white, spire brown, last whorl opaque, white or cream-white. The spire has slightly concave outlines, being slender above. The embryonic whorls are quite convex and are very finely striate, generally worn smooth in adults ; subsequent whorls of the spire marked with fine, irregular growth-lines only ; the last whorl generally mal- leated throughout, or only in the last half. Aperture oblique, white within. Peristome somewhat obtuse, with a light brown edge, and bordered by a strong callous rib within. Baso- columellar junction somewhat spout-like. Columellar lamella strong. Parietal callus rather thick,, subtransparent. Axis rimate or closed. Length 14.5, diam. 7.8, aperture 6.5 mm. ; 6% whorls. (Lihue.) Length 15, diam. 8, aperture 7 mm.; 6 l / 3 whorls. (Lihue.) Length 12.5, diam. 6.7, aperture 5.9 mm.; 6 whorls. (Lihue.) Length 15, diam. 7.5 mm.; whorls 6 (Newcomb). Oahu: Waianae (Newcomb, Baldwin); Lihue (Gulick) ; near Mt. Kaala (Thwing). Co-types in coll. Newcomb and British Museum. Achatinella crassilabrum NEWC., P. Z. S., 1853, p. 141, pi. 23, f. 31 (1854). THWING, Orig. Descriptions, etc., p. 157. A very distinct, easily recognized species. The brown color of the spire often extends over the front of the last whorl. There is generally a light line just above the suture on the penult, whorl. Many specimens from two localities, including specimens from Newcomb, show but little variation. The re- lated A. cornea differs in the color and sculpture of the last whorl. Very rarely traces of spiral incised striae are visible in recent specimens. They are rather well developed in fossil specimens from Waianae in Dr. Cooke's collection. These shells also have the outer lip very thick, like A. vetusta Baldw. 33. A. SUBCORNEA Hyatt and Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 31, fig. 11. This is a subfossil shell smaller than cornea, but with a 190 AM ASTRA, OAHU. similar attenuated and biconcave outline near the apex. It is similar to Leptachatina in the aspect of the shell owing to the rapid growth of the three last volutions. The apex, however, has not the blunted aspect of Leptachatina, nor the dispro- portionate rate of growth between the nepionic and neanic stages observable in that genus. The aperture is narrow owing to the contraction of the last volution. The columella is perforated, but the opening is not large and is almost closed in some shells. The surface has coarse ridges of growth. The nepionic stage has fine, transverse ridges of growth. The characters in all respects are intermediate between cornea and those of the more primitive shells of the Brcvis series on the island of Oahu and make it highly probable that this is a con- necting species. Oahu : Fossil, near the base of Round Top, towards Rocky Hill, where the Manoa road enters the valley back of Punahou. Type no. 1749 C. M. Cooke coll. ; also 104689 A. N. S. P., and in Boston Soc. coll. no. 13397. Hyatt's description is given above, and one of the types is figured. The non-impressed suture and the sculpture are other points of agreement between this species and A. cornea, from which subcornea differs chiefly by the more prominent penultimate whorl, which gives the spire a wider shape than that of A. cornea, approximating somewhat to the contour of A. transver sails. The apical sculpture, very well preserved in uo. 13397 Boston Soc. coll. (from no. 1747 Cooke coll.), is like that of A. cornea, the embryonic whorls being very finely and closely striated, the striae arcuate. A. transversalis has similar but straighter striae. It is a fossil form, from a de- posit, of unknown age, probably Pleistocene, exposed in a road cutting. Length 12.5, diam. 6.5, aperture 5.3 mm. ; 6y 2 whorls. Length 10.8, diam. 5.3, aperture 4.5 mm. ; 6 1 / X } whorls. If this species is really a member of the cornea series, it is widely separated from its allies. 34. A. EMULATOR n. sp. PI. 38, fig. 7. The shell is narrowly perforate, ovate-pyramidal, rather AMASTRA, OAHU. 191 solid. Outlines of the spire are nearly straight below, be- coming a little concave near the summit ; whorls slightly con- vex, short; embryonic 2y 2 are dull purplish, very finely, reg- ularly striate where unworn; subsequent whorls irregularly \vrmkle-striate, the cuticle at first light olive, on the last two whorls olive-brown ; rather glossy ; where worn away showing a dull gray and purplish-brown calcareous layer. The aper- ture is small, slightly oblique, dull purplish-gray within, paler and just perceptibly thickened near the lip. Columella short, thick, Whitish, 'bearing a subhorizontal lamella. Parietal callus very tfhick, its edge forming a ledge 'connecting the lip-ends. Length 15.5, diam. 8.6, aperture 6.9 mm. ; whorls 7. Oahu: Kaha.uiki (D. Thaanum). Type to be deposited in the Bishop Museum. This species is related to A. crassilabrum, from which it differs by its color, the less attenuate spire, much less thick- ened lip, and by the thick parietal callus of old individuals. Kahauiki is a short valley between Ka.lihi and Moanalua. Section AMASTRELLA Sykes. See p. 151. Series of A. inflata. Amastnp with finely striate or nearly smooth embryonic whorls (sometimes irregularly costate in A. tristis} ; the junc- tion of columellar and basal margins of the aperture rounded (not subangular or spout- like). The shell is more or less completely covered with a dull or dark, in part transient, sometimes very thin cuticle, under which it is not banded. These shells agree well with the typical Kauaian Amas- trellge except in the development of a. more or less* conspicuous dark outer layer of cuticle, a character showing an advance beyond typical Amastrella. This cuticle is not mottled or fig- ured with angular streaks, as it is in typical Amastra. The group differs from Metamastra by the more widely rounded margin below the columellar lame'lla, which is smaller and less horizontal. The inflata series contains the least specialized of the 192 AMASTRA, OAHU. Oahuan Amastrge. The other groups, Metamastra and Para- mastra, have diverged further from the ancestral stock. One species, A. tristis, sometimes has rather coarse low ribs on the second embryonic whorl, the apex being more conic than in most other species, not unlike that of Kauaia. A, tristis, together with some other Oahuan species, was grouped with the Molokaian pullata and violacea series by the senior author (in MS.) . The shape of the embryonic whorls and the maculation of the neanic whorls in many individuals are like A. badia; the incised spiral striae are also characteristic of undata, transversalis and others of the group to which badia belongs ; so that A. tristis seems to be a somewhat generalized or synthetic species; yet its chief relationship is with the in flat a group. 35. A. RUBENS (Gould). PI. 32, figs. 16, 17, 19, 20, 21. ' ' Shell elongate-ovate ; thick ; straw- colored, the apex chest- nut, anterior end reddish. Whorls 6, convex; suture im- pressed ; covered here and there wth brown epidermis. Aper- ture ovate; lip simple, thickened within, roseate, the throat white; fold thin; imperf orate. Length %, diam. % of an inch. A plain species, but well marked by its colors, especially by that of the aperture ' ' ( Old. ) . "Animal dark slate, as long as the shell, tentacles black, bottom of foot and mantle brown. Excessively timid and lives buried under leaves and other decaying vegetation" (Newcomb). Oahu, Waianae range: West mountains (Newcomb) ; Wai- anae (Gooke, Baldwin) ; Kaala (Baldwin) ; Kukuiala and Mokuleia ( Gulick) . Varieties in the eastern range, see below. Achatinella rub ens GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, Jan. 1845, p. 27. PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 240 ; iii, 459 ; iv, 552 ; vi, 180 (exclusive of var. b, = A. mastersi Nc.). REEVE, Conch. Icon., vi, pi. 6, f. 42&. NEWCOMB, Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., vi, p. 314. BALDWIN, Catalogue, 1893, p. 9. The first half- whorl is smooth; then very fine, sharp and close and weakly arcuate longitudinal strias appear, contin- uing for two whorls, after which comparatively coarse but AMASTRA, OAHU. 193 low wrinkles of growth set in. The embryonic shell seems to comprise almost 3 whorls. It is dark 'brown, or when worn, purplish-brown. The rest of the whorls of the spire have rather coarse wrinkles below the suture, leaving the rest of the whorls and the whole last whorl, nearly smooth. Four or five upper whorls are reddish-brown, the last whorl or two are pale red-brown or whitish under a thin, glossy, yellow or flesh-tinted inner cuticle, which is more or less covered by a brown (blackish-brown or olivaceous-brown) outer layer, al- ways worn off ventrally, and either rather well preserved (figs, 19-21, Mokuleia), or remaining in shreds (fig. 17, Wai- anae) or almost entirely lost (fig. 16, Kukuiale). The interior of the basal and outer lips is typically rose-colored, but some- times it is bluish-white. Length 19, diam. 9.1, aperture 8 mm. ; whorls GVs- Length 17.5, diam. 9.1, aperture 8.1 mm. ; whorls 6. A. rubens differs from A. elliptica and the textilis group by its noticeably more conic and sharply striate embryonic whorls, and the greater number of whorls in the whole shell. The fine striation of the embryonic shell is usually more or less completely worn from adult shells. Figs. 19 to 21 are from Mokuleia specimens, measuring : Fig. 21. Length 18, diam. 9, aperture 8 mm. Fig. 19. Length 17, diam. 9.1, aperture 7.9 mm. Fig. 20. Length 15, diam. 9.2, aperture 8 mm. A large specimen from Waianae, which we consider the type locality, is figured, pi. 32, fig. 17. Length 21 mm., Qy 2 whorls. In a series from Kukuiala (pi. 32, fig. 16) the outer layer of cuticle is -almost wholly wanting, leaving the shell whitish or yellowish with more or less pink suffusion, most pronounced on the latter half of the last whorl. The shells are rather robust. This form has been called var. rubinia Hyatt in MS. Length 17.3, diam. 9.5 mm. (A. N. S. P. no. 92481). Length 19, diam. 10.1 mm (U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 4710). A. rubens unites features of Amastrella and Parcmiastra, and it may possibly belong to the latter group, near A. inter- media. It has here been associated with the inflata group 194 AMASTRA, OAHU. chiefly on account of the well-developed outer cuticle. If this view be correct, it must be viewed as a recent immigrant in the Waianae range. Herr Borcherding is hopelessly wrong in lumping rub ens with mastersi Nc. His inference that the species ranges over three islands is consequently baseless (see Zoologica, xix, Heft 48 ii, p. 117). The embryonic whorls are totally diverse in the two species. 35a. A. rub ens corneifortnis n. subs p. PI. 31, figs. 17 (nat. size) ,18. The shell is subperforate, ovate-turrite, rather solid, some- what glossy. Spire with slightly convex outlines in the lower part, straightened or a trifle contracted near the summit. Embryonic whorls brown, somewhat worn, but apparently 'with a weak sculpture of regular, arcuate striae. Following whorls marked with growth-wrinkles, at first 'brown, whitish below the suture, changing on the penultimate whorl, becom- ing on the last whorl whitish, faintly brown-tinted. On the last half- whorl this ground- tint is largely covered by a smooth, dense, blackish-brown outer cuticle, in part deciduous. Aper- ture whitish within; lip thin. Columella straight, its edge abruptly triangularly dilated above; bearing a thin lamella in the middle. Length 16.5, diam. 8.6, aperture 7.1 mm.; 6% whorls. Oahu : Waianae. Type no. 1753 C. M. Cooke coll. Much more slender than A. rub ens, and having much the general appearance of A. cornea. 35&. A. nibcns castauea n. subsp. PI. 32, fig. 18. A reddish-chestnut cuticle covers the whole surface, even the spire. It is yellowish below the suture and black behind the lip. The spire is a little attenuated near the summit. The interior has a faint roseate tint, nearly white. Length 17, diam. 9.5 mm. Waianae. Types no. 1761 Cooke coll. ; co-type no. 104690 A. N. S. P. In the Cooke collection there is a series of stunted or de- AMASTRA, OAHU. ' 195 pauperate specimens from Waianae, evidently from several colonies (nos. 1760, 1762, 1763), which agree in the main with castanea, but are rather smaller, down to 14 mm. long. 35f. A. rubens kahana n. subsp. PL 31, fig. 16. Similar to rubens in shape, cream-colored under an oliva- ceous-brown cuticle Which is partially deciduous; the nude upper whorls either white, fleshy or reddish. Outlines of the spire slightly convex. Peristome rose-tinted in individuals having the apex dark, white in others. Length 18.2, diam. 10 mm. ; whorls 6%. Kahana, 011 the north side of the eastern range. Types 1417 C. M. Cooke coll. 35d. A. rubens infelix n. subsp. PI. 31, fig. 15. Smaller, more shortly ovate than A. r. kahana, the spire slender near the apex, whitish under an olive-brown cuticle which becomes black behind the outer lip. The latter part of the last whorl is compressed peripherally, and swollen or ob- tusely subangular at the shoulder. Aperture white. Length 14.7, diam. 8 mm. ; whorls 5!/2- Kahana. Types 1491 Cooke coll. This is apparently a depauperate form. It is just possible that varieties halt ana and infelix are satellite forms of tenui- labris and rnbicunda rather than of rubens, which should properly belong to the Waianae range. 36. A. SEMINIGRA n. sp. PI. 32, figs. 8, 9, 11. Apical whorls fleshy or purplish, fading on the last two whorls to light yellow, more or less covered with pitch-black cuticle, which may be in shreds throughout (figs. 8, 11), or nearly continuous except in front of the aperture (fig. 9, Wai- mano) . Interior white or faintly pink. Pig. 8. Length 21.2, diam. 10.3, aperture 9.5 mm.; whorls 6.y 2 . Fig. 11. Length 17.5, diam. 9.2, aperture 8 mm. ; whorls Length 19, diam. 9.7 mm. Waimano. Co-types no. 1131 Cooke coll., figs. 8, 11 ; also Wahiawa, no. 1416 Cooke coll. ; also in coll. A. N. S. P. 19'5 AMASTRA, OAHU. This species differs from A. tristis only by its narrower shape at all stages of growth. The apical whorls are worn, rather narrowly conic, and seem to resemble those of A. tristis. A specimen from Wainiano, coll. Spalding, agrees with fig. 9 in the nearly continuous coal-black cuticle, but where re- moved in front of the aperture the under layer is a fine light orange-brown color. A. seminigra occurs on the same slope of the range northwestward of the area of A. tristis, which it resembles in characters other than the shape. In the closely related A. rubens of the Waianae range the spire is typically wider, not so strictly conic ; but at one time one of us thought it must be ranked as a variety of rubens. The black cuticle and more rectilinear sides of the spire separate seminigra from intermedia.. 37. A. TENUILABRIS Gulick. PI. 31, fig. 19. ' ' Shell dextral, ovate-conic, hardly shining, somewhat roughly striated with growth-lines; white under a fulvous epidermis, which is generally worn off below the suture on the last whorl. Whorls 5y 2 , a little convex. Aperture subquadrate, white, not as long as the spire ; peristome thin ; columella straight, provided with a small median fold ; lips connected by a very thin callus. Length 15, diarn. 8 mm." (Gulick}. Oahu: Pauoa (Frick, type loc.) ; Nuuanu (Cooke). Type in coll. Boston Society. Amastra tenuilabris Gulick in GULICK and SMITH, P. Z. S., 1873, p. 83, pi. 10, f. 16. PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 241. Amas- tra t., SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensds, p. 345. " The specimens received are reported by Dr. Frick to be from Pauoa, on Oahu ; but there is some reason to believe that they could not have been found on Oahu. Its affinities are uncertain, but it may be allied to Am. flavescens Nwc., which is found on the island of Hawaii" (Gulick). The original specimen of this variety, examined by Hyatt, is very close to A. rubicunda Baldwin. Gulick's shell agrees very closely with two shells from Nuuanu in the Cooke collec- tion. The differences between this and rubicunda consist in the wanner hue of the latter and its usually but not invari- AMASTRA, OAHU. 197 ably darker aperture. The growth- wrinkles are more pro- nounced through the wearing-off of the more friable perios- tracum in this species and the contrast of the brown remnants with the more opaque white of the middle layer. Gulick's type figure is copied in fig. 19 of plate 31. The shells in the Cooke collection and U. S. Nat. Mus. (no. 4722a) differ from rubicunda chiefly in the colder color-tones, the aperture being whitish rather than pink, and the summit white, or in one specimen, purple. The spire is not so high as in typical rubicunda. Such differences as there are seem insufficient for specific distinction. Pauoa. is a small valley immediately east of Nuuanu, and which divides the lower part of a ridge leading up to Konahuanui, the locality of A. rubicunda. 31a. A. tenuilabris rubicunda Baldwin. PI. 32, figs. 12, 14, 15. "Shell dextral, imperforate, rather solid, elongately ovate- conic ; surface lusterless, striated with irregular growth strias ; embryonic whorls smooth. Color reddish, with traces of a de- ciduous, thdn, brown epidermis. Whorls 7, slightly convex; suture well impressed. Aperture elongately oval, a trifle ob- lique, rather small, purplish-red within; peristome simple, thin, margined with dark purple; columella white with a purple tinge, flexuous, abruptly terminating in a thin, slightly curved lamellar plait. Length 19, diam. 9 mm. " Animal, mantle brown, margin of a deeper shade. Foot brown, the superior portion almost black. The formula of the dentition is 18.10.1.10.18, according to H. Suter" (Baldiv.). Oahu: Konahuanui Mt, (Baldwin, type loc.) ; Nuuanu, Kalihi and Moanalua (C. M. Cooke). Amastra rubicunda BALDW., Pro>c. A. N. S. Phila.. 1895, p. 229, pi. 11, f. 38. --Helicter (Amastra) rubicunda Baldwin, SUTER, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1895, p. 240, pi. 11, f. 54.56 (jaw and teeth). The embryonic whorls are somewhat worn in the type lot of four specimens, no. 65719 A. N. S. P., but a few fine stria? are visible on the second and third whorls. The ground-color is light red, sometimes becoming fleshy-yellowish on the last 198 AMASTRA, OAHU. whorl, where there is a thin outer layer of russet cuticle, more or less deciduous in front, and worn off before the aperture. Behind the lip the cuticle becomes much darker, dark reddish- brown with some blackish streaks. The interior is in color between rose and lilac, and the lip commonly has a black line at the edge. The last half of the last whorl is flattened periph- erally and turgid a little distance 'below the suture. Length 19.3, diam. 9, aperture 8.2 mm. ; whorls Length 18.1, diam. 8.9, aperture 8 mm., whorls Length 17.1, diam. 8.5, aperture 7.5 mm. ; whorls While this shell resembles A. variegata of the Waianae range, at the opposite end of the island, it differs in the color of the aperture and it does not have so many whorls. It is hardly separable from A. tenuilabris, and in our opinion only a race of that species. Its recorded range is discontinuous, probably because of insufficient collections. A. seminigra, A. rubens kahana and infelix inhabit tihe eastern range west of the area of A. rubicunda, to which they are probably related, differing ^chiefly in their colder coloring. Most rubicunda have a particularly warm shade of chestnut. Specimens from the western valleys are generally smaller than the types, with the interior less deeply colored. Length 17.2, diam. 8.5 mm.; 6% whorls (Nuuanu). Length 16, diam. 8.3 mm.; 5% whorls (Kalihi). Length 15, diam. 9.2 mm.; 5% whorls (Kailihi). Figures 12 and 15 are from co-types. Fig. 14 is a Nuuanu shell in the C. M. Cooke collection. 38. A. LUCTUOSA (Pfeiffer). PL 33, figs. 12, 13. "Shell imperforate, dextral, oblong-conic, solid, striatulate, a little shining, bicolored. Spire inflated- conic, apex acute; suture cremrlated. Whorls 6. the upper four black, nearly flat, the penultimate pale, more convex ; last whorl about two- fifths the total length, pale tawny above, blackish below the periphery. Aperture a little oblique, sinuate-semioval, white within. Oolumellar fold laminiform, subbasal, triangular; peristome unexpanded, a.cute, black-edged. Length 16, diam. 8, aperture 7x3% mm." (Pfr.}. AMASTRA, OAHU. 199 Sandwich Is. (Frick, in Cuming coll.). Western and north- western' Oahu: Waialee (Baldwin); Kawailoa and Kahuku (Gulick) ; Kahana (Cooke). Achatinella luctuosa PFR., P. Z. S., 1855, p. 204 (Feb., 1856) ; Monogr., iv, 554. BALDWIN, Catalogue, p. 9. Lamii- nella luctuosa BINNEY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. S'ci., iii, p. 98, pi. 6, f. F. Amastra luctuosa Pfr. var. sulphured ANCEY, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., vi, June, 1904, p. 121, pi. 7, f. 9. The type of A. luctuosa has not been figured, and we do not know that the typical form described by Pf eiffer has been rediscovered. Its habitat is unknown. Baldwin and Gulick have found a form differing in color, but which they referred to luctuosa, in western Oahu between the southwestern and northeastern ranges. It has been described as var. sulphurea by Ancey. The Gulick collection (in A. N. S. P.) contains a set of "dead" shells from Kahuku (pi. 33, figs. 12, 13), the north- western extremity of Oahu. The last whorl is very pale brown under a thin brown cuticle, which is persistent through- out or worn-off in front of the aperture, and 'darker behind the lip. The spire is pale violaceous or pale red-brown under more or less covering of cuticle. Specimens measure : Length 14, dia.m. 9 mm. Length 15, diam. 8 mm.; 6!/2 whorls. Length 14, diam. 8 mm.; 6 whorls (fig. 13). Length 15, diam. 7.8 mm.; 6 whorLs (fig. 12). The relationships of luctuosa are somewhat uncertain. It is an inornate shell with no decided 'Characters, but does not seem closely related to any other species. 38a. A. 1. sulphurea Ancey. PI. 33, fig. 11. ' ' S'hell similar to the type, but pale buff, uniform, near the aperture 'covered with shreds of pale brown epidermis. Length 15.5, diam. 9.5, length of aperture 7 mm. Waialae" (Ancey} . Specimens from "Waialei" in the Gulick collection are pale buff or the spire may be pale brown. The embryonic Avliorls are almost smooth. The upper part of the spire is slightly pinched in. 200 AMASTRA, OAHU. Shells from Kawailoa are similar but rather smaller and shorter. There is an inner, somewhat glossy cuticle of very pale buff, covered with a very thin dull outer layer of a slightly darker shade, worn off in front of the aperture. The specimens from Kahana are similar. The original figure is copied. 39. A. DECORTICATA Gulick. PI. 33, figs. 4, 5, 6, 7. "Shell ovate-conic, dextral, lightly striated with lines of growth; chestnut, blackish towards the lip. Whorls 6 to 6y 2 , a little convex, the first 3 polished ; suture simple, pale. Aper- ture weak dirty-blue inside. Peristome thin, blackish within, scarcely thickened; columellar fold thin. Length 16, diam. 8.5mm." (Gulick). Oahu, western part of the main range: Kawailoa, type locality; Helemano, Opaiula, Waimea, Waialei, Kahuku and Kahana (Gulick). Under dead leaves in the forest. Amastra decorticata Gk. in GULICK and SMITH, P. Z. S., 1873, p. 84, pi. 10, f. ll.Achatinella cl, PFR., Monogr., viii, 240. Achatinella d., THWING, Orig. Descr. Achat., p. 149.- Achatinella decortica BALDWIN, Catalogue, 1893, p. 8. Latni- nella decorticata Gul., W. G. BINNEY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., iii, 1884, p. 98, pi. vi, f. D (teeth). 'It is allied to A. elliptica Gk., the metropolis of which lies to the northwest of this, and to A. in flat a Pfr., which is found in the valleys to the east. It is always dextral" (Gulick). A series of several hundred shells from all the above local- ities except Helemano shows this to be quite a constant species. It never has the conspicuously patched clothing of A. in flat a and elliptica, though under a lens some small dull streaks may be seen on the otherwise rather glossy surface, which elsewhere shows no epidermis in the typical form. The color is reddish-chestnut of varying intensity, frequently shading into yellowish on the upper part of the last whorl, and always much darker behind the lip. The spire is frequently darker, purplish-brown. The suture is usually marked with a yel- lowish line, but this is often wanting. There are 2V 2 em- bryonic whorls, the last one very lightly, minutely and un- AMASTRA, OAHU. 201 evenly striate. Subsequent whorls have rather coarse, very low, uneven wrinkles, the surface being rougher and much less glossy than in A. textilis. The outlines of the spire con- tract a little near the summit, but the penultimate' whorl, especially when viewed from the back, bulges noticeably. The axis is generally perforated, but in some narrow shells the crevice is nearly or quite closed. In a. few old individuals there is a white callous nodule on the parietal wall, which is thinly covered with a sii'b transparent or dirty- white film, thin at the outer edge. Specimens from Kawailoa (pi. 33, figs. 4-7) measure: Length 16.4, diam. 9, aperture 7.2 mm. ; whorls 6. Length 15.2, diam. 8.8, aperture 7.8 mm. ; whorls S 1 /^. Length 16, diam. 8, aperture 6 mm. ; whorls 6. Length 15, diam. 9, aperture 7.5 mm. ; whorls 5%. Some of the shells from Kahana, at the eastern limit of dis- tribution of the species, have a thin outer layer of dull, red- disk cuticle, almost continuous over the last two wliorls except in front of the aperture, darker as usual on the latter part of the whorl ; but owing to the similarity of the outer to the inner cuticle in color (the former more of a reddish, the latter more yellowish, tone), it is quite inconspicuous unless looked for very closely. These more fully clothed shells form an approach to A. rubicunda which occupies the eastern end of the range, though of course decorticata is always shorter, and abundantly distinct specifically. 40. A. INFLATA (Pfeiffer). PI. 33, figs. 1, 2, 3. "Shell imperf orate, conic-globose, rather roughly striate; whitish, covered with a black epidermis worn off in a wide band below the suture. Spire swollen, terminating in a short, acute cone. Whorls 5y 2 , the last three very turgid, the last about as long as the spire. Aperture oblique, sinuate-oval. White within. Columellar fold subtransverse, ascending highly. Peristome unexpanded, labiate within; columellar margin callous, dilated, adna.te. Length 16.5, diam. 10, aper- ture 8.5x5 mm." (P/V.). Oahu (Frick, in Cuming coll.) ; Koolaulo'a (Baldwin) ; 202 AMASTRA, OAHU. Wahiawa, type loc., ami Alionni (Giulick) ; Kahana (C. M. Cooke) ; a variety at Kawailoa ((.iulick). Achatinella inflata PFR., P. Z. S., 1855, p. 203 (Feb., 1856) ; Monogr., iv, 549. BALDWIN, Catalogue, 1893, p. 9. This species is known to me by numerous specimens I'rom Wahiawa, Ahonui and Kahana, In the Wahiawa lot (pi. 33, figs. 1-3), which I consider typical, the shape varies, rather Avidely, as shown in the figures. The embryonic whorls are nearly smooth, being marked with fine growth-striae only, as in A. decorticata. The wrinkles of the later whorls are rather coarse and irregular, 'and a few spiral lines cut them in occa- sional individuals. The color is rich chestnut with a sugges- tion of orange, over which there is a very thin outer layer of darker, almost chocolate-brown, more or less worn from the wrinkles and wanting below the periphery in front of the aperture. Behind the lip it is much darker, deep chocolate or blackish. Often a peripheral darker belt may be seen. The denuded subsiitural belt mentioned by Pfeiffer is seen in some dead sheik of the Wahiawa lot, and in a few living ones. Under the colored cuticle the shell-substance is fleshy-whitish in the last whorl, but generally darker above it, so that the spire is purplish-brown. Immature shells are very ventricose and have a rather sharp peripheral angle which persists up to the end of the fifth whorl. The last two whorls are much swollen below the suture, or rarely this swelling is belated, appearing as late as the last half of the last whorl. Nearly all the shells are imperf orate when mature, but the young may remain perforate up to about 10 mm. long, 4.y 2 to 5 whorls. Specimens measure : Length 18, diam. 10, aperture 8 mm. ; whorls 6y 2 . Length 16.2, diam. 9.9, aperture 8 mm. ; whorls 6. Length 17, diam. 9.2, aperture 7.9 mm. Length 15, dia-m. 9.9, aperture 8.3 mm. Length 16.8, diam. 9, aperture 8 mm. In Dr. Cooke 's series from Kahana, on the north side of the range, the inflation of the later whorls is minimized, the sculpture less rough, and the color generally somewhat lighter. None of the shells are so inflated as the more obese forms from Wahiawa. AM ASTRA, OAHU. 203 Ahonui shells are deficient in the dull over-layer, which is very than, and therefore not dark enough to contrast strongly with the denuded surface in front of the aperture. A small series from Kawailoa, in the Gulick collection, A. N. S. P., is intermediate between inflata and decorticata. The rough sculpture 'and rather dull surface resembles inflata, but the dull, "bloom "-like layer is extremely thin, remaining only in a few shreds, and there is no contrast between the area in front of the aperture and that above the periphery. In these respects the shells resemble decorticata. It would not be amiss to refer these Kawailoa shells to decorticata, which is more widely distributed westward than inftata. 41. A. RUBIDA Gulick. PL 33, fig. 9. S'hell dextral, long-ovate, striated with growth-lines, dilute reddish-chestnut (rarely covered with a blackish epidermis) ; whorls 6, a little convex, the first two smooth, brown ; suture simple. Aperture small, somewhat purple inside. Peristome thin ; columellar fold very thin. Length 18, diam. 9 mm. ' ' (Gulick and Smith). Oahu : Kahuku, at the northwest terminus of the main range, on the ground in the forest (Gulick). Amastra rubida Gul., GULICK and SMITH, P. Z. S., 1873, p. 84, pi. 10, f. 12. "It is allied to Am. elliptica Gk., but differs in being more elongate in form, thicker in structure, and for the most part destitute of epidermis. It is always dextral" (Gulick). Mr. Gulick 's figure is copied. The senior author writes as follows, having before him a series of 9 shells in the Gulick collection: "This species makes a close approach to rubens in varieties having a reddish- brown middle layer, but 'the periostracuin is not so thick and persistent. The shell is, in fact, not covered by a perios- tracuin except along the suture, and is more uniformly of a pinkish tone, and the aperture in most shells is pink or purple inside. The affinities with decorticata have been noted by Gulick, but the thick opaque shell and transient periostracum appear to place it in the tristis series. A set of shells consid- 204 AM ASTRA, OAHU. ered by Gulick to be passage forms into decorticata are five in number, and of these one is a true decorticata with entire periostracum and acute apex ; the four others have the typical colors and periostracum of this species, combined with a blunter apex, shorter, stouter spires and lighter-colored aper- tures which may be considered as belonging to such hybrids as could 'be called rubida-elliptica. It appears to me to be therefore an elliptica form derived from elliptica.'" 42. A. ELLIPTICA Gulick. PL 34, figs. 17 to 23. "Shell dextral, ovate, hardly shining, lightly striated with growth-lines. Whorls 5%, convex, the first 4y 2 brownish- corneous, and the last whorl paler, clothed with a dark oli- vaceous epidermis which is partly worn from the front of the last whorl. Spire somewhat turrite, suture simple. Aper- ture white, rose-tinted in front (sometimes white) ; peristome thin, very slightly thickened within. Columella arcuate, the lip-ends joined by a thin callus, provided with a compressed subbasal tooth. Length 15, diam. 8.5 mm." (Gulick). Oahu : Waialei, type loc. ; also in Kahuku and Hanula, and rarely in Kawailoa, on the ground in 'the forest (Gulick). Amastra elliptica Gk., in GULICK and SMITH, P. Z. S., 1873, p. 83, pi. 10, f. 15. SYKES, Fauna Hawiaiiensds, 1900, p. 336. "It is allied to A. rubens Gld. and A. decorticata Gk., but it is thinner, smaller, and darker in color than the former, and it has a more convex spire than the latter" (Gill.). A. elliptica differs from decorticata and its allies by the strong development of the outer layer of epidermis. On the front of the last whorl it is light olive-brown with many un- equal blackish streaks ; on the back the streaks coalesce into a more or less continuous black area on the last fourth of the last whorl. The under layer of cuticle, exposed in front of the aperture, is pale yellow. Dead shells which have lost all of the cuticle are reddish on the spire, the last whorl white, or in 3 out of 40 from Waialei the last whorl is white above, reddish below the periphery. One of these denuded shells is drawn in pi. 34, fig. 22. Normal shells of the same lot are shown in figures 20, 21. 23. AMASTRA, OAHU. 205 The embryonic shell has some faint growth-lines only, thereby differing from A. rub ens. The young are acutely angular up to nearly 10 mm. long, as in decorticata, etc. The outlines of the spire are usually convex, and the summit is obtuse. The columella and basal curve of the peristome are frequently roseate. Waialei shells measure: Length 15, diam. 8.5, aperture 7.3 mm. ; whorls 5. Length 13.4, diam. 8.9, aperture 7.2 mm. ; whorls 5. Length 15, diam. 9, aperture 7.3 mm. Shells from Kawailoa have a blackish, more deciduous outer cuticle, and the shell beneath is pinkish or bicolored. The shells from Hanula and those from Kahuku are often paler than usual in the type locality. Three from Kahuku figured measure : Length 16.3, diam. 9, aperture 7.4 mm. ; whorls S 1 /^. Length 14.6, diam. 9, aperture 8.2 mm. ; whorls 5. Length 15, diam. 8, aperture 7.5 mm. ; whorls S 1 /^. An average shell and two extremes of shape from Kahuku are figured, pi. 34, figs. 17 to 19. Mr. Sykes remarks that two specimens collected by Mr. Perkins on W'aianae Mts. may belong to a large, incrassate variety. I think that they will prove specifically different. 43. A. TRISTIS (Ferussac). PL 32, figs. 1 to 7, 10, 13. The shell is imperforate or rimate, oblong-conic, rather solid, ground-color of first 2 or 3 whorls blackish-purple, fading then to red-brown with a pale sutural margin, and finally diluted to light red-brown or nearly white on the last whorl; the last 2 or 3 whorls having a thin dark brown or blackish cuticle which is deciduous, remaining in angular shreds -and patches, generally lost over an area in front of the aperture. Spire a little convexly conic, acute. Whorls 5 l /2 to 5%, nearly flat, the first nearly smooth, the next having regular radial ripples, following whorl with fine growth-striae only. The last two whorls are marked with rather coarse wrinkles along the lines of growth, and some fine spiral striae ; and on the last whorl there are usually several unevenly- spaced spiral grooves. The aperture is ovate, slightly ob- 206 AMASTRA, OAHU. lique, white inside. Peristome 'has a rather strong rib within. Columella short, rather widely dilated, bearing a strong spiral l-amella. Parietal callus thin 'and transparent. The axis is slender and sinuous, widening upward in each whorl. The superposed lamella penetrates a little less than one whorl. Length 18, diam. 11, length of aperture 9 mm. Palolo. Length 18, diam. 10.5, length of aperture 8.5 mm, Palolo. Length 16.5, diam. 10.2, length of aperture 8.5 mm. Palolo. Oa.hu, valleys of the southeastern slope of the main range : Keawaawa, Makiki, Waialae, Palolo, Nuuanu (Gulick) ; Kalihi (Oleson coll.) ; Niu and Aeia (Cooke). Helix tristis FEE. (Prodrome, p. 60, undescribed), Voyage autour du Monde de 1'Urande et la Physicienne, Zoologie, p. 482, pi. 68, f. 6, 7 (1824) . Bulimus tristis PFR., Symbolse, ii, p. 52.Achatinella tristis PFR., P. Z. S., 1845, p. 89 ; Monogr., ii, p. 240; iii, 456; dv, 444; vi. 177; Conchyl. Cab., p. 286, pi. 67, f. 10, 11. REEVE, Conch. Icon., vi, pi. 5. f. 37 (1850).- THWING, Orig. Descriptions, p. 143, pi. 3, f. 13. Amastra tristis PEASE, P. Z. S., 1869, p. 649. BALDWIN, Catalogue, p. 10. Achatinella fuliginosa GOULD, Proe. Boat. Soc. N. H.. ii, 1845, p. 28. The specimens from Keawaawa. collected by Gulick, are all dead shells. The outer chocolate or blackish cuticle is unusually per- sistent in one lot from the lateral ridge of Nuuanu (no. 530 Cooke coll.), and in those from Tantalus (pi. 32, figs. 6, 7). A similar black form occurred at Aiea, far to the west and widely separated from other known colonies, the nearest being in Kalihd. One of the lots from Niu consists of dwarfed abnormally shortened shells (pi. 32, fig. 10), -the last whorl more or less angular in front, the spire somewhat telescoped into the last \vhorl in part of the shells. One specimen has several spiral grooves cutting the growth-wrinkles on the last whorl, as in A. undata. In Nuuanu shells the cuticle may be either black and in sihreds, or nearly continuous and of a rich chestnut color (fig. 5). The size of these chestnut shells varies widely, length from 15 to 19 mm. Figures 1 to 4 are from Palolo shells. AMASTRA, OAHU. 207 The shells from other places mentioned show little or no local differences in the series examined. Ferussac's original description (given in full below) is very poor, and the species would hardly have been recognized except for his figures. ' ' Testa dextrorsa, ovato-inflata, vertice acuminate, striatila ; epidermide bruneo-fuga.ci ; anf ractibus 5, ultimo fere carinato, suturis non distinctis; apertura semi- lunata; peristomate intus incrassato, fere dilatato; eolumella alba, depressa, costa munita ; rim a umbilical! vix distincta. Elle habite les iles Sandwich" (Ferussac). A. fuliginosa Gld. was based upon specimens with a light ground, which sometimes has a faint greenish tint, such as fig. 2. Occurring with the brown and intermediate shells at most, if not all, localities, it has apparently little claim to be considered a distinct species or race. Messrs. Baldwin, Sykes and Thwing also hold this view. Embryonic shell. The first half-whorl is smooth with steep sides, the suture at first descending rapidly. Fine, slightly arcuate striae then appear. On the first half of the second whorl the striae are a little coarser, afterward becoming so fine as to be hardly perceptible. The latter part of the last whorl has a few white spots on the reddish-brown ground, and the acute peripheral keel is white. There are 2!/2 whorls in all. The columellar fold is moderately developed, and the umbil- ical crevice very minute (pi. 32, fig. 13 ; length 4.4 mm.) . The color is almost always purple-black, but rarely shells with a pa.le luteous embryo are found, as at Waialae (188 Cooke coll.), the first neanic whorl being sparsely maculate with opaque white. This variegation of the spire is unique in shells of this group of Amastraa, and with the incised spiral lines of the adult stage, it indicates relationship with Metamastra. A. badia in Metamastra has similar embryonic sculpture. 44. A. POROUS n. sp. PL 38, fig. 3. The shell is imperforate, globose-come-, 1lii>i, light brown throughout. The embryonic shell of 2i/o whorls is conic, the first whorl convex, the rest nearly flat; surface smooth but not glossy, under a strong lens showing weak, very fine stria- 208 AMASTRA, OAHU. tion. The post- embryonic whorls are more convex, roughly and irregularly sculptured with growth-wrinkles, which be- come quite 'coarse on the back of the globose last whorl. Aper- ture is slightly oblique, with a very thin white lining. Lip sharp and thin. Columellar lamella small, thin, white and quite oblique. Length 13, diam. 9.1, aperture 7.8 mm. ; 5% whorls. Oahu: Mokuleia, Waianae mountains (Irwin Spalding). A thin shell of unusually swollen shape. In contour it is not unlike some of the small, subglo'bose individuals of A. tristis, such as occur in Moanalua, but it differs by lacking a dark deciduous outer layer of cuticle and in the sculpture of the embryonic whorls, so that the relationship cannot be thought close. Its relationships are not clear to us. No other described Oahuan shell resembles it. The type, to be de- posited in the Bishop Museum, is not fully adult. Section PARAMASTRA Hyatt & Pilsbry. These are pyramidal or more or less turrited forms, usually with the spire straight or concave-sided ; whorls rather numer- ous, 6 to 8 ; shell often spirally banded or with many lines ; cuticle often without a dark, deciduous, outer layer; embryo very finely striate vertically ; colors variable, often variegated, frequently resembling the Ackatinellina rather than the usual pattern of Amastra, probably in consequence of an adapta- tion to arboreal life in some forms. Type A. spirizona. The distinction between these shells and the rub ens group is not always clear, as there seem to be some intermediate species. The group is confined to Oahu. It is much more fully developed in the Waianae Range (seven species) , whence two species have migrated to the Main Range, there to give rise to two species special to the eastern range, A. porphy- rostoma and A. turritella,; both of these are still connected with the parent forms (porphyrea and spirizona nigrolabris) by more or less intermediate shells. The shells of this group have a tendency to develop a second columellar fold above the usual lamella, as in the Lanaian AMASTRA, OAHU. 209 biplicata group. This fold is probably houioplastic, not hoino- logie, in the 'two groups ; for the bipUcatce show characters of the cuticle of the typical group of Amastra, with which they are closely connected by a chain of annectant forms. One of us (Hyatt) considered A. turritella "the probable ancestor of the entire group" Paramastra. The other author (Pilsbry) views the same species as one of the latest deriva- tives a terminal twig of the spirizona-nigrolabris branch. Key to Species of Paramastra. a. Slender forms, the diameter usually less than half the length. 6. Apex rather large, -bulbous; chestnut to buff, suture paler. A. turritella, no. 47. & 1 . Apex small, pointed. c. Small, slender shells, with little dull cuticle or none. d. Glossy, thin ; white, yellowish or brown, often variegated with spiral lines; 17x 7.5 mm. A. micans, no. 45 ; A. frosti, no. 45a, d 1 . Very slender, thick, whitish with brown apex and pinkish base; 17x6.5 mm. A. tenuispira, no. 46. c 1 . Stouter shells, with a. thin dull outer cuticle. d. Spire convexly conic; 18.5x9 mm. A. cylindrica, no. 52. d 1 . Spire straight; length 17, diam. 8 to 8.8 mm. A. variegata, no. 53. a 1 . Stout, pyramidal shells, the diam. half the length or more. &. Spire concavely turrit e, diam. half the length. A. t. aeia, no. 47a. & 1 . Spire straightly conic, stouter. A. t. ivaiawa, no. 476. &. Diam. decidedly more than half the length. c. Dark brown with a yellow sutural band; 21x 11.5 mm. A. spirizona, no. 48. 210 AMASTRA, OAHU. c 1 . Base brown, light above, stouter. A. s. nigrolabris, no. 48a. c 2 . Shell whitish and rusty-brown. A. s. chlorotica, no. 48c. c 3 . Shell reddish-brown 1 with pale striae ; no dark outer cuticle. A. porphyrea, no. 50. c 4 . Whitish, yellow or brown under a fragmen- tary cuticle. d. Parietal callus purplish. A. porphyrostoma, no. 51. d 1 . Not so colored. A. intermedia, no. 49. 45. A. MICANS (Pfeiffer). PI. 37, figs. 5, 6, 7. Shell subperforate, dextral, turrited, rather solid ; white, under a buff epidermis having a. varnish-like luster. Spire regularly tapering, the apex rather acute; suture somewhat crenated. Whorls 7, a little convex, the last scarcely more than one-third the length, rotund. Colurnellar lamella rather small, oblique. Aperture slightly oblique, suboval ; peristome simple, unexpanded, the columellar margin a little dilated, somewhat free. Length 16, diam. 7% mm (Pfr.). Sandwich Islands (Frick, in Cuming coll.). Oahu (Bald- win, Huchison) ; back of Leilehua, Waianae valley (C. Mon- tague Cooke). Achat-ineUa micans PFR., P. Z. S., 1859, p. 31; Monogr., vi, 179. Amastra micans PSE., P. Z. S., 1869, p. 650. HARTMAN, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1888, p. 47, pi. 1, f. 10. BALDWIN, Cata- logue, p. S). A. (Laminella) nncas SYKES, Fauna Hawaii- ensis, p. 350. Amastra frosti Ancey, var. unicolor ANCEY, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iii, p. 269, pi. 12, f. 11, July, 1899. Hartmans figure was fro-m a specimen apparently identical with "J.. frosti unicolor," some of which have exactly the dimensions of micans, and seem to be entirely identical. Since Sykes, who had access to the type specimens of both, kept, them apart, and even in different subgenera, I give here the descriptions of both. A. frosti, if my view is correct, should be ranked as a color- variety of micans. A. frosti unicolor Ancey. PI. 37, fig. 4. "Shell shaped AMASTRA, OAHU. 211 like the type, but uniform straw-yellow, entirely destitute of brown bands ' ' ( Ancey ) . Waianae mountains (Baldwin and others). Mr. Ancey 's figure is copied in fig. 4. The tint is variable. Figures 5, 6 represent brown or yellowish-brown shells. Others, about half of the lot seen, are whitish with a very faint greenish-yellow tint on the last whorl or two, the upper part of the spire being brown-tinted, and the embryonic whorls purplish-brown or dull blue (fig. 7). "Whether these color- forms occur in one and the same colony we do not know ; nor are we advised whether the banded frosti is found with them or not. Their possibly racial status depends upon the segregation or association of the forms. The surface in all is glossy, and generally they retain traces of a thin brown or blackish outer cuticle, of which fragments remain in spots on a band below the suture, and sometimes scattered on the last -whorl, more being retained in half-grown than in adult indi- viduals. As a rule, the columellar lamella is rather small and the face of the columella above it is smooth ; but in one shell there is a second well-marked, more -oblique fold above the normal one, such as occurs occasionally in A. turritella, A. nigrolabris, and others of this group of species. The shape is similarly variable in all the color forms, as shown in the figuresi and measurements. Axis rimate. In a few shells of typical coloring there is a weak carina on the last whorl. Length 15.5, diam. 7.2, aperture 6 mm. ; 7 whorls. Length 15, diam. 8, aperture 6.1 mm. ; 6i/> whorls. Length 17.2, diam. 7.5, aperture 6.1 mm. ; 7y 2 whorls. Length 16.5, diam. 8, aperture 6.3 mm. The above notes are from & series of 48 shells in coll. C. M. Oooke, from back of Leilehua, Waianae range, 11 in coll. Bos- ton Society N. II., and 3 in coll. A. N. S. P. 45a. A. FROSTI Ancey. PI. 37, figs. 2, 3. "Shell minutely and very narrowly rimate, oonoid-turrited,. glossy, impressed with minute, pliciform, more or less obsolete growth-striae; straw-buff or yellowish-tawny, encircled with many variously placed narrow, often confluent, bay, spiral 212 AMASTRA, OAHU. lines. Spire long, conoid-tapering, acute. Whorls 8, the first uniformly colored, flattened, the rest a little convex, suture impressed, last whorl larger, somewhat tapering, rotund-oval. Aperture distinctly oblique, not very large, irregularly oval, tapering above. Columella moderately thickened, whitish, armed with an acute, prominent, oblique fold remote from the base. Peristonie simple, acute, the margins joined by a glossy callus in adults. Length 20, diam. 8.5, alt, apert. 7 mm." (Ancey). Oahu: district of Waianae (Baldwin) ; near Waianae and Waialua (U. S. Nat. Mus.). Amastra frosti ANCEY, Memoires de la Societe Zoologique de France, v, 1892, p. 719. SYKES, P. Malac. Soc. Lond., iii, p. 275, pi. 13, f. 12 (co-type). Achatinella frosti THWING, Orig. Descriptions, etc., p. 161, pi. 3, f. 18 (good). Smaller than A. cylindrica, with straight lateral outlines and a more glossy surface. Mr. Sykes 's figure of one of An- cey 's co-types is copied, fig. 2. A lot before us from C. M. Cooke coll., consists of shells smaller than the dimensions assigned by Ancey. Length 16.7, diam. 7.9, aperture 6.2 mm., whorls 1^/2- The apex is clear whitish with weak, fine, longi- tudinal strias ; bands begin on the third whorl. The ground- color is whitish, the bands chestnut. There is no outer layer of deciduous cuticle. One of these shells is figured, fig. 3. 46. A. TENUISPIRA Baldwin. PI. 37, fig. 1. "Shell dextral, imperf orate, solid, acuminately turreted, spire conical, apex subacute ; surface lusterless, covered with somewhat rude, irregular incremental striae ; the embryonic whorls very finely, radiately sulcated. Color light brown, upper whorls darker; covered with an earthy-brown, fuga- cious epidermis. Whorls 7, somewhat convex, in some exam- ples slightly margined above; suture well impressed. Aper- ture oval, oblique, rather small, light, brown within ; peristome simple, acute, extremities united with a thin callosity; colu- mella sub-biplicate, light brown, tortuous, abruptly terminat- ing in an oblique, dentiform plait. Length 17, diam. mm." (Baldwin}. AMASTRA, OAHU. 213 Oahu: Mt. Kaala, Waiaiiae range, very local (Baldwin). Amastra tcindspira BALDW., Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1895, p. 232, pi. 11, f. 51. Figured from the types. This species very closely resem- bles the whitish race of A. micans, but 'the surface is rougher and the color of the aperture differs. It is also a little more slender, the whorls are slightly more convex, and the axis imperforate. The shell is very thick. Last whorl white or pale buff, more or less pink-tinted towards the termination ; spire gray or brownish, the embryonic whorls dark brown. There are small spots and shreds of a brown outer cuticle on the last whorl. There is sometimes an impressed line below the suture on the last whorls. The whole interior is pink-tinted, or some- times nearly white, and there is a low, more oblique fold above the usual columellar plait, more prominent in some specimens than in others. Length 15.2, diam. 6.5, aperture 6 mm. ; Gi/o whorls. Length 16, diam. 6.9, aperture 6 mm. ; 6% whorls. 47. A. TURRITELLA (Ferussac). PL 35, figs. 1 to 4. ' ' Shell dextral, elongate, conic, striatulate ; whorls 6 ; apex obtuse ; suture distinct, not duplicate ; aperture strongly ob- long ; peristome thickened within ; columella perforate, nearly straight, provided with a distinct rib. Sandwich Is." (Fcr.). Oahu, southern valleys of eastern half of the main range : Waialae, Palolo, Matiti, Nuuanu, Moanalua, Halawa, Aeia, a variety at Waiawa. Helix turritella Fer. (Prodr., Tabl. Syst. no. 434, nude name), Voy. autour du Monde de 1'Uranie et la Physicienne, Zoologie, p. 481 (1824) ; Hist., pi. 155, f. 13. SOULEYET, Voy. Bonite, Moll., pi. 29, f. 7, 8. Achatinella t., REEVE, Conch. Icon., vi, pi. 5, f. 34, 41. PFR., Monogr., ii, 233; Conchyi. Cab., p. 285, pi. 67, f. 18, 19. NEWCOMB, Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., vi, p. 307 (animal). Amastra t., PEASE, P. Z. S., 1869, p. 650. SYKES, Fauna. Hawaiiensis, Moll., p. 346. GULICK, Evolution, Racial and Habitudinal, p. 39, pi. 1, f. 17 (Palolo). Acliatina oahuensis GREEN, Contrib. Maclurian Lye. to the 214 AMASTBA, OAHU. Arts and Sciences, i, 1827, p. 49, pi. 4, f. 5. A. inornata MIGHELS, Proc. Bost, Soc. N. H., ii, 1845, p. 21. "Animal short, only half as long as the shell, of a dark slate-color on the sides ; superior portion and tentacles black ; under surface of foot light gray; mantle dark brown" (New- comb) . Nuuanu valley may be taken as the type locality of this very distinct species. The typical form, as figured by Ferus- sac, is chestnut-brown. The embryonic shell is often some- what darker, purplish, but it may be whitish-corneous or flesh-colored. The apex is rather blunt and rounded, second embryonic whorl very finely striated vertically, the striae in- terrupted by some weak spirals. The adult stage has fine striae over low growth-wrinkles. The subsutural region is generally paler-colored. Aperture blue-white or with a faint pink tint within. Outer lip acute; columellar plica not very strong, and often there is a low, oblique fold above it. Axis generally perforate. Length 20, diam. 8.7, aperture 7.5 mm. ; 7 whorls; fig. 2 (Nuuanu valley, C. M. Cooke). Other color - forms from Nuuanu valley are as follows : 2. Fig. 1. Chocolate-brown, with or without a yellow sub- sutural line. Length 23, diam. 9, aperture 8 mm. ; 8 whorls. 3. Fig. 3. Yellow, shading into chestnut towards the end of the last whorl, apex generally dark; a white subsutural line sometimes present. 4. Pale, corneous-buff, the apex generally pale, last whorl showing traces of a thin, pale brownish cuticle (fig. 4, Matiti) . Two small specimens from Waialae resemble forms 1 and 3. A series from Palolo contains forms 1 and 4. In Moanalua Cooke found form 2 and an intermediate between 3 and 4. In Halawa we have form 3 and intermediate between 3 and 4. In Matiti (Gulick, = = Makifci?) forms 2, 3, 4 (fig. 4). The synonymous A. oahuensis had the typical coloring of turrit ella. A. inornata Mighels had forms 1 and 4, and may have been from Palolo. Dr. C. Montague Cooke informs us that A. turritella is found in grass, and on 'both aerial roots and leaves of the leie (Frey- cinetia). When, on these roots the shell is covered with a AMASTRA, OAHU. 215 short green growth like the green coating of the roots. Those on grass in a dry place were perfectly green. All the shells we have studied have been cleaned. 4:7a. Var. aiea, n. var. PL 35, tigs. 5, 9. The shell has very convex whorls and concave lateral 'Outlines, the last whorl more inflated than in turritella. Yellow with a brown sum- mit (fig. 5), or dark purple-brown with a light subsutural band (fig. 9). Fig. 5. Length 16, diain. 8 mm. ; 61/2 whorls. Fig. 9. Length 18.2, diam. 9.3 mm. ; 6% whorls. Aeia, a short valley dividing the ridge west of Halawa. Co-types no. 1014 and 1045 Cooke coll. ; no. 104691 A. N. S. P. 47&. Var. waiawa n. var., pi. 35, figs. 7, 8. Shell decidedly wider, the outlines of the spire nearly straight. Length 16.3, diam. 9.5, aperture 7.2 mm.; whorls Length 16, diani. 9, aperture 6.7 mm. ; whorls Length 19, diam. 9.3, aperture 7.2 mm. ; whorls 7. The 'Colors are : yellow or whitish above, chocolate below the periphery, summit dark. Chocolate with a light sub- sutural band. Yellow, shading towards chestnut behind the lip, summit flesh-colored or light. These occur in the pro- portions of 2, 3 and 10 specimens respectively. Waiawa. Gulick coll, no, 92231 A. N. S. P. It will be noted that these shells parallel in color-patterns the forms spirizona, nigrolabris and chlorotica. The nigro- labris pattern has not been seen in other lots of turritella, but the dark and pale examples have the color of turritella forms 2 and 3. In shape, color and geographic position this race stands between nigrolabris and turritella. It is probably a remnant of the transitional forms which terminated in the evolution of turritella. 48. A. SPIRIZONA (Ferussac). PL 35, figs. 16, 17, 18. The shell is ovate-pyramidal, rather solid, chestnut or dark purplish-brown, with a sharply defined buff band below the suture on the last three or four whorls, the summit dull purple or purple-black. Spire straightly conic, rather acute. Em- 216 AMASTRA, OAHU. bryonic whorls slightly convex and very finely striate. Later whorls lightly marked with growth-wrinkles. The cuticle is thin and polished, occasionally worn in front of the aperture, and often some trace of a very thin lusterless outer coat re- mains in patches on the last whorl, 'hardly noticeable except by aid of a lens. Whorls moderately convex. Aperture ob- lique, white inside, the outer lip thin, with a dark border within. Columellar plait small. Columellar margin short but rather broadly reflexed, generally leaving an umbilical crevice. Length 21, diam. 11.5, aperture 9.7 mm. ; whorls 7. Oahu, western range: Waianae, Lihue, almost exclusively on the ground (Gulick) ; below Kaala on the lee side (Per- kins). Lives on low bushes and ferns. Helix spirizona FER. (Prodrome, Tab. Syst., p. 56, nude name), Voyage autour du Monde de I'Uraniie et la Physici- enne, Zoologie, p. 480; Histoire, pi. 155, f. 14, 15. Helicteres spirizona BECK, Index, p. 51 (1837). Achatinella spirizona Fer., PPR., Monographia, ii, 235; iii, 458; iv, 548; vi, 179; viii, 238. NEWCOMB, Ann. Lye. N. H., vi, p. 307. REEVE, Conch. Icon., vi, pi. 2, f. 16. Amastra spirizona Fer., SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, p. 344, with var. nigrolabris and rudis Achatinella acuta SWAINSON, Quart. Journ. Sci. Lit. Arts, i, 1828. p. 84; Zool. Illustr., ser. 2, iii, pi. 99, f. 3. Achatinella baetica Mighels, in Cunning 'Coll., undescribed. According to Newcomb, the animal is "thickly studded with very black granulations with the interstices of a light slate; mantle of a yellowish-white." This well-known shell is easily recognized by its rich, dark coloration. Ferussac's excellent original figure is copied in our fig. 16. The original description follows: "Shell dextral, conic, acute, .striate, of a brown color encircled with a white band at the suture, the apex black-brown. Whorls 6, grad- ually increasing; suture not duplicate. Aperture coarctate, oval ; peristome thick within, violaceous. Columella nearly straight, provided with a distinct rib ; an umbilical crevice. It probably inhabits the Sandwich Islands." The original locality is not known with certainty. The Vranie Achatinellida?, with two exceptions, were from Nun- AMASTRA, OAHU. 217 anu and Manoa valleys, baek of Honolulu ; where luteola came from is not known; and spirizona is the only species known to be from any other district. Since exactly typical shells occur in the Waianae mountains, especially up Waianae valley on Mt, Kaala, this valley may be considered the type locality. There is some variation in proportions, chiefly between the following extremes : Fig. 18. Length 21.3, diam. 10.3, aperture 9 mm. ; 7 whorls (Waianae). Fig. 17. Length 19, diam. 12, aperture 9.5 mm. ; 6!/o whorls (Lihue). Achatinella acuta Swainson was based upon specimens from the northern range having the spirizona coloring, such as occur mingled with nigroldbris in Kawailoa valley, and doubt- less interbreeding with nigrolabris, which is the dominant form ; as usual in such Mendelian hybrid races, the mutant dominates. Swainson 's type was a shell in which there is a deep sinus below the columellar lamella, such as we have figured in pi. 40, fig. 16, from Kawailoa. This feature is quite variable, both in spirizona and nigrolabris. The basal lip is not quite so deeply arcuate as in spirizona. Properly speak- ing, the name A. acuta is not a synonym of spirizona, but be- longs to the spirizona X nigroldbris hybrid race ; see below. It may be mentioned here that all of Swainson 's Achati- nellas were collected by Lord Byron, an account of whose voyage has been published (Voyage of H. M. S. Blonde to the Sandwich Islands in the years 1824-1825. London, 1826) . The only Oahuan port visited by the Blonde was Honolulu. All of the Acliatinellidcc brought home were strung on a neck- lace, which wa:s evidently made in Kawailoa valley, the species and color-forms being all such as occur in that neighborhood, none of them being from the Waianae mountains, or from eastern Oahu. Dr. Newcomb has already noted this fact, 48a. A. s. nigrolabris Smith. PI. 35, figs. 10 to 15. "Shell dextral, globose-conic, perforate (the perforation sometimes covered by callus), little shining, longitudinally rugose (hardly spirally) striate; deep black-brown, encircled 218 AMASTRA. OAHU. below the suture by a broad pale dirty flesh-colored zone. Whorls 6!/2, the first 3y 2 nearly flat, blackish, the rest convex; suture hardly margined. Aperture white; peristome with a thin blackish-purple edge, lightly bordered within; columella roseate, provided with a laminiform basal fold (and sometimes one or two tubercles). Length 20, diam. 12 mm." Oahu, western part of the northeastern range: Wahiawa, type loc. ; also found in all the valleys from Kalaikoa to Wai- mea, sometimes on the ground but more frequently on trees (Gulick). Type in British Museum. Amastra nigrolabris Sm., GULICK and SMITH, P. Z. S., 1873, p. 85, pi. 10, f. 9. PPR., Monogr., viii, p. 238. Ackatinella mgrolabris THWING, Orig. Descriptions, p. 148, pi. 3, f. 15 (uncharacteristic). Laminella nigrolabris Smith, W. G. BIN- NEY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., iii, 1884, p. 98 "lingual dentition as in mastersi. ' ' Typically the last whorl of this snail is light-colored from suture to, or nearly to, the periphery, 2 or 3 preceding whorls being light with a dark band above the suture, and the out- lines of the spire are a little concave (figs. 14, 15, Wahiawa.) ; but in most of the lots before us there are also specimens in which the light color is confined to a narrow band below the suture, generally shading into the dark 'basal color, but some- times as sharply defined as in spirizona. Such shells are re- ferable to Swainson's acuta. They are figured in pi. 35, fig. 10, and pi. 40, fig. 16 (Kawailoa), and pi. 35, fig. 12 (Wai- mea) . There are also transitional specimens, as Mr. Sykes has pointed out, both in color and shape, between spirizona and mgrolabris. The fact seems to be that a formerly widespread stock has been diversely modified on the two ranges. On the northern range the herd is composite, consisting of a mixture of spiri- zona forms (which might be called acuta Swains, if they need a name), with a broad-banded mutation peculiar to that range (typical mgrolabris}, the latter predominating. This color- change is apparently coincident with a change in progress from terrestrial to arboreal habits, nigroldbris living on . spirizona generally on the ground. AMASTRA, OAHU. 219 Wahiawa topotypes of nigrolabris from the Gulick collec- tion measure : Fig. 14. Length 18.7, diam. 11.8, aperture 9 mm. Pig. 15. Length 20.5, diam. 11, aperture 8.5 mm. In Kahana valley (C. M. Cooke coll.) the shells are rather small. Some have typical spirizona pattern, others transi- tional, others typical nigrolabris pattern (pi. 35, figs. 11. 13). Specimens measure : Length 16, diam. 10 mm. Fig. 11. Length 19.5, diaim. 10.8 mm. ; G 1 /^ whorls. Fig. 13. Length 19, diam. 11 mm. Length 18.3, diam. 9.5 mm. Specimens have been examined from Waimea, Kawailoa (fig. 10), Helemano, Wahiawa, Opaiula, Ahonui, and Kalai- koa on the southern slope of the range, collected by Gulick, and from Kalmna on the northern slope, collected by C. M. Cooke, Jr. A few specimens from Kawailoa, Helemano and Wahiawa have the base of the shell of a rusty red-brown color, in place of the usual dark purple-brown, the upper surface being light buff. These forms resemble A. s. rudis save that the light band extends to the periphery. 48&. A. s. rudis (Pfeiffer). PI. 33, fig. 10. Shell subimperforate, ovate-turrite, solid, rudely striate, fulvous-brown; spire elevated-conic, the apex rather acute, suture simple, very lightly crenulate. Whorls 7^/2, moderately convex, the last scarcely forming two-fifths the total length, rotund. Aperture oblique, sinuate-oval; columellar fold me- dian, laminiform, subtransverse ; peristome simple, acute, the columellar margin dilated, reflexed, subadnate. Length 21, diam. 11.5, aperture 9 mm. long, 5 wide (Pfr.) . Var. 6. Chestnut, with buff median and basal bands, spire less lengthened (Pfr.}. Sandwich Is. (Frick). Achatinella rudis PFR., P. Z. S., 1855, p. 5. pi. 30, f. 17; Monogr., iv, 549. Pfeiffer's type figure, copied in fig. 10, represents a form 220 AMASTRA, OAHU. essentially with the color pattern of A. spirizona. It seems to us to represent a pallid form or race of that species, or perhaps of the similar narrow-banded form of nigrolabris. It can hardly be "a variety of A. intermedia Newc.," as Dr. Newcomb claimed (Ann. Lye., vi, 320). The var. b was sub- sequently referred to A. albida by Pfeiffer. 48c. A. s. chlorotica (Pfeiffer). PI. 35, figs. 19, 20. Shell subperf orate, ovate-conic, solid, rugulose-striate, whit- ish, variegated in streaks with greenish epidermis ; spire conic, rather acute. Whorls 6, the upper a little convex, the penul- timate swollen, the last whorl about two- fifths the total length, rotund. Aperture oblique, truncate-oval, white within. Colu- mellar fold very slight, almost none. Peristome simple, un- expanded, the columellar margin dilated, somewhat free. Length 18, diam. 10.5, aperture 8x5 mm. Oahu, Frick in Mus. Cuming (P/>.). Oahu, Main Range: Kalaikoa, Ahonui, Wahiawa (Gulick) ; Kahana (C. M. Cooke). Achatinella rudis var. &,, PFR., P. Z. S., 1855, p. 5. Aclia- tinella chlorotica PFR., P. Z. S., 1855, p. 203; Monogr., iv, p. 563, no. 4. A. albida PFR., t. c., p. 203, no. 6. THWING, Orig. Descript, etc., pp. 154, 155 (Mt. Kaala). The shells from the localities mentioned above are referable to A. albida, which seems to be not separable from clilorotica Pfr. Typical clilorotica we have not seen. It appears to differ from "rudis var. b" => albida by lacking the tawny band or streak coloring; whether as a race or only as an in- dividual mutation we have at present no means of knowing, though material to decide the question is probably extant in some of the great collections in the islands. These shells are merely A. s. nigrolabris in which the purple-brown pigmentation is wanting, leaving the rusty-red coloring and all other features unchanged. A. chlorotica is the blond, A. nigrolabris the brunette. The series before us shows no actual intergradation, yet the relationship is so inti- mate that it seems proper to rank chlorotica as a variety of the other. Such mutations are often observed where a single AMASTRA, OAHU. 221 color-factor is inhibited without otherwise changing the ani- mal. In this case the peculiarity has been perpetuated in a race. Specimens from Kalaikoa (fig. 19) and Wahiawa (fig. 20) are figured. Under the cuticle the shell is white below the periphery, rusty red-brown, uniform or streaked above it. Over the whole there is a light greenish-yellow cuticle, and on the last whorl there may also be a very thin, light brown, partially deciduous outer cuticle. The spire is streaked with rust- brown ; the embryonic whorls yellow-corneous or light brown. The outlines of the spire are generally concave. The colu- mella and lip have a rose tint. Sometimes there is a rusty belt below the periphery, the latter then marked with a pale band or zone. Size and shape vary as in A. s. nigrolabris. Length 18.7, diam. 11 mm, Length 18, diam. 12 mm. The columella is heavily calloused above the rather small plait, and it occasionally has one or two small tubercles, or a low, narrow fold above, such as occurs in some specimens of A. s. nigrolabris. The umbilicus may be open or closed. Dr. Newcomb (1858) first united A. rudis var. b, A. chloro- tica and A. albida.. In 1893 Mr. Baldwin subordinated rudis, chlorotica and albida to nigrolabris as color- varieties ; but Pfeiffer's names are prior to nigrolabris. It is, however, true that nigrolabris is the parent form, the others derivatives. Mr. Thwing records A. chlorotica and A. albida from Mt. Kaala. It is not likely that he had the form here identified as chlorotica. The original description of albida follows : Achatinella albida Pfr. Shell perforate, ovate-turrite, thin, irregularly striate, whitish streaked with a pale fulvous epi- dermis. Spire conic, the apex somewhat acute, the suture very slightly crenulate. Whorls 6, the upper flat, following more convex, the last scarcely % the total length, rotund, ob- soletely subangular at the periphery. Aperture a little ob- lique, sinuate-oval. Oolumellar fold median, laminiform, oblique. Peristome simple, unexpanded, the columellar mar- gin shortly reflexed, nearly free. Length 17, diam. 9y 2 mm. Sandwich Is., Mr. D. Frick, Cuming coll. (Pfr.). 222 AMASTRA, OAHU. 49. A. INTERMEDIA (Newconib). PI. 33, fig. 8; pi. 34, figs. 6 to 12. "Shell dextral, cylindrical; whorls 7, rounded; suture rather deep ; aperture small, subovate ; columella with a small flexuous plait ; lip acute ; striae numerous, well developed, and longitudinal to the shell; color uniform dark brown, usually lighter at the sutures, interiorly of a bluish-white or slate color; columella bluish- white. Length fourteen-twentieths, diami. seven- twentieths of an inch" [17.5x8.75 mm.] (Newc.). Oahu: Waianae (Newcomb) ; ridges of Nuuanu [?], and Waianae Mts. below Kaala (Perkins) ; Waianae and Lihue (G-ulick). Achatinella intermedia NEWC., P. Z. S., 1853, p. 135, no. 14, pi. 22, f. 13 (1854) ; Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, p. 325. Amas- tra i., SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, p. 338. Amastra conico- >ym-a SMITH, P. Z. S., 1873, p. 86, pi. 10, f. 10. We are unable to find any characters to distinguish be- tween some varieties of this species and of A. porphyrea. Specimens from Wadanae are figured, pi. 34, figs. 11, 12. The first half- whorl is smooth; then slightly arcuate striae ap- pear; these are rather strong on the first half of the second whorl, after which they become very fine and close, and Aveaker towards the lower suture. The embryo seems to com- prise nearly 3 whorls. It is narrower, higher and more conic than in A. rub ens. The spire is nearly straightly conic in Waianae specimens, yet there is a slight convexity in the out- lines of the lower part, while near the summit it is slightly contracted. This double curvature is more conspicuous in some of the shells from Lihue. Subsequent whorls have rather coarse, low and irregular growth-wrinkles. The first 3 or 4 whorls are of a uniform dark purple-brown color; then a yellow line appears at the suture, widening to an ill-defined band on the last whorl, and the ground-color changes to dark reddis'h-brown, with some paler streaks along wrinkles, and usually remains of dull, blackish streaks, of a deciduous outer layer of cuticle. There is no distinctly lighter patch in front of the aperture, but some shells obscurely show darker bands in the ground-color there. The aperture is white or blue- AMASTRA, OAHU. 223 white within, with a dark border in the acute lip. An axial crevice is present in some examples. Length 20, diam. 10.7 mm. ; 6% whorls (Waianae) . In a. series from Lihue (pi. 34, figs. 6 to 10) there are some shells having a reddish-brown, uniform or indistinctly banded under-color, like those from Waianae ; others have a cream, pale brown-tinted or dirty-whitish ground with faint or dis- tinct reddish bands; and all are covered with a rather thin outer cuticular layer, which is brown or olivaceous on the pale, blackish on dark individuals. The embryonic whorls are generally dark, but sometimes pale. One specimen from Waianae (Gulick coll.) is like the paler Lihue shells. These light and banded specimens approach very close to A. cylin- drica, and there may be actual intergradation ; yet, in gen- eral, A. intermedia is a more robust race, with straighter lat- eral outlines and a decidedly more conspicuous outer layer of cuticle. Up to a length of about 12 mm. the periphery is acutely angular, and the umbilicus present as a narrow crevice. In the adult stage it is imperforate. A shell probably from Waianae is figured, pi. 33, fig. 8, to show the coloration when the outer coat of cuticle is re- moved. The ground-color is cream-white, with many bright chestnut lines and bands, beginning faintly on the penult, whorl and becoming dark and wide on the base of the last whorl. Much wider at all stages of growth than A. cylin- drica. Length 19.2, diam. 11, aperture 9.3 mm. ; whorls G 1 /-?. A young shell in the same lot is 13 mm. long, of 5 whorls, and has a width of 8.9 mm. It is wholly imperforate. Amastra conicospira Smith. PL 27, fig. 18; pi. 38, fig. 14. "Shell ovate-conic, dextral, striated with growth-lines; dirty- whitish, partly covered with olivaceous epidermis. Whorls 1, nearly flat, the first three or four light reddish, following two purplish-brown. Spire straightly conic. Suture simple. Aperture dirty- white. Peristome thin, brownish within, scarcely thickened; columellar fold thin. Length 20.5, diam. 10 mm. Sandwich Is." (Smith}. "But one specimen of this species has been received, and 224 AMASTRA, OAHU. without notes concerning the station and habitat, except that it is from the Sandwich Islands" (Smith). The original figure is copied, pi. 27, fig.18. In pi. 38, fig. 34, we have given- an enlarged figure of the same unique type specimen, now in coll. Boston Society of Natural History. It is undoubtedly a rather turrited example of A. intermedia, almost exactly like some of the shells from Lihue. The in- ternal border of the outer lip and the columella above the fold are violaceous rather than "brownish." Length 20, diam. 10.8 mm. ; 6% whorls. 50. A. PORPHYREA (Newcomb). PI. 33, figs. 14 to 21. Shell rather solid, acuminately conical. Whorls 7, subcari- nated above, plano-convex ; suture deeply impressed. Aper- ture subovate, contracted below ; lip thin ; columella short, terminating in a twisted plait. Epidermis thin and black; striae longitudinal and strong; color beneath epidermis of a leaden hue, with numerous transverse lines encircling the shell. Length .75, diam. .4 inch. (Newc.) Oahu: Waianae (Newcomb, type loc.). Waianae and Lihue (Gulick) ; near Mt. Kaala (Thwing) ; main range at Ahonui and Wahiawa (Gulick) and Kahana (C. M. Cooke). Ackatinella porpliyrea NEWC., P. Z. S., 1853, p. 136, pi. 22. f. 16 ; Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., vi, p. 326. PFR., Monogr., iv, 554. THWING, Orig. Descript., p. 156, pi. 3, f. 16. Achati- nella grossa PFR., P. Z. S., 1855, p. 204; Monogr., iv, p. 551. A. grassa Pfr., HARTMAN, 1888. This species may prove to be indistinguishable from A. in- termedia Nc., which seems to be connected with porphyrea by intermediate forms. In two lots from Newcomb, none of the shells retain an outer coat of "thin and black" epidermis. They vary from about the size given by Newcomb to longer, less obese forms, 19x11 mm. to 22x11.5 mm. The ground- color is a dull, livid, dark red, with or without darker and lighter streaks, and sometimes having indistinct spiral lines. A subsutural narrow band is yellowish, sometimes indistinct, but more often inconspicuous. The stria? are livid whitish in some of the shells. The apical whorls are dull blackish-purple AMASTRA, OAHU. 225 in five, nearly white in three shells of the lot. Two of these shells from Neweomb are figured, pi. 33, figs. 15 (Waianae) and 16. Newcomb's original figure is copied, pi. 33, fig. 17. In a series of three shells from Waianae collected and labeled porphyrea by Gulick, one specimen is like the New- comb shells, the others having a buff ground with numerous reddish lines, a pink apex, and many shreds of brown cuticle on the last two whorls, exactly as in intermedia, to which form these shells may perhaps be referable. A large series from Lihue (pi. 33, figs. 18-21) labeled A. grossa Pfr. by Gulick, consists of rather robust shells, vari- ously colored : 1. Last whorl or two bright yellow with a white subsutural band, early whorls flesh-colored. Cuticle very thin, not de- ciduous in shreds, becoming light chestnut behind the lip (% 20) . 2. Very pale fleshy-buff, early whorls flesh-brown; last two whorls partly covered with remains of an opaque, brown or blackish cuticle (fig. 21). 3. Under color fleshy-brown, apex often purplish, cuticle opaque and dark (fig. 18). 4. Same as preceding, but there are darker spiral lines and bands on the later whorls ; 'the coloration being like intermedia and cylindrica (fig. 19). In these shells the spire is straightly or almost straightly conic, and the lip is thickened within. The proportions are rather variable : Length 18.5, diam. 11.2 mm. ; 6% whorls. Length 19, diam. 11 mm. Length 20, diam. 11.2 mm. Specimens referred by Gulick to porphyrea are also before us from the main range of Oahu Ahonui and Wahiawa (pi. 33, fig. 14), and also from- Kahana on the north side, where it was collected by C. M. Cooke. These shells have rather strongly raised, light-colored strife on a ground of dull red and purplish, summit dull purple, blue or flesh-colored ; suture generally, but not always, marked with a light line. There is no trace whatever of opaque outer cuticle. The fine filiform 226 AMASTRA, OAHU. light lines on a dark ground give this form a peculiar and distinct appearance. The dimensions and proportions vary rather widely : Length 16.8, diami. 11 mm. Length 19.2, diam. 11 mm. Length 17.2, diam. 10 mm. Another lot from Kahana, Oooke coll., contains fleshy-brown shells with a partly deciduous dark brown cuticle, spirally banded and lineate shells, and one pa.le buff throughout. This lot is less roughly striate than the preceding, being very much like the forms from the Waianae range. The locality "Ma- noa" given by Hartman is evidently an error. Ackatinella grossa Pfr. is identical with porphyrea accord- ing to Newcomb, an opinion which later authors have ap- proved. The description follows : "Shell imperf orate, dextral, conic-ovate, solid, somewhat roughly striate, chestnut-colored. Spire ovate-conic, the apex acute, blackish, suture pale, crenulate. Whorls 7, the upper ones flat, smooth, the following gradually becoming more convex ; last whorl about two-fifths the total length. Aper- ture oblique, sinua.te-semioval, whitish inside; columellar fold laminiform; subtriangular, nearly transverse; peristome uu- expanded, a'cute, the margins joined by a whitish callus, right margin somewhat labiate within, columellar margin adnate. Length 23, diam. 11, aperture 10x5 mm. Sandwich Islands, Frick in Cumin g coll." (Pfr.) . 51. A. PORPHYROSTOMA Pease. PI. 37, figs. 8, 12, 13. "Shell dextral, imperf orate, thick, long-conic, marked with fine rough strias, covered with a very thick, brown, rough epi- dermis, below which there is a thin, smooth, brown one. Spire convexly conic. Whorls 6, convex, the last convex, half the total length ; suture well marked. Aperture subelliptical, sub- angula.r at the base. Columella narrow, vertical : columellar fold thick, lamellifornij, nearly transverse. Outer margin simple. Ground-color of the shell under the epidermis yel- lowish. Columella and outer lip of a purple tone; summit reddish-brown. Length 20, diam. 11 mm. AMASTRA, OAHU. 227 "The peculiar color of the aperture and the rugose, very peculiar epidermis with which the animal covers its shell dis- tinguishes this species well from its 'Congeners" (Pease). Oa.hu (Pease) : central portion of the main range at Wahi- awa (Gulick) ; Kahana (C. M. Cooke, Jr.). Amastra porphyrostoma PEASE, Journal de Conchyliologie, xvii, 1869, p. 172 ; P. Z. S., 1869, p. 649. Achatinella p., PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 233. HARTMAN, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1888, p. 48, pi. 1, f. 6. Fig. 12 represents a specimen from the Pease collection. Those taken by Gulick in Wahiawa valley are typical. The internal border of the outer lip, the columella and parietal callus are of a fine though not very deep purple color. The apical whorls are brown, or sometimes purple-brown with a pale band at the top. The "rugose-brown epidermis" men- tioned by Pease is foreign matter plastered on after the man- ner of Pterodiscus, etc. The real cuticle is thin, smooth, and of a light yellowish-chestnut color, the calcareous layer below being pale fleshy-yellowish. The axis is often perforate. The eecond embryonic whorl is very finely striate, as in A. turri- tella, etc. The shells from Kahana valley, on the north side of the range, have but little purple color within the outer lip, and the parietal callus is of a rather dull brownish purple. The shredded cuticle is of a dull, cold, brown color (pi. 37, figs. 8,13). Length 20.2, diam. 12, aperture 10 mm. ; whorls 6. Length 21, diam. 12, aperture 10.5 mm. ; whorls 6. Length 17.8, diam. 11.2, aperture 10; whorls 5y 2 - This species is somewhat related to A. porphyrea, but it differs from all other related species by the colored parietal callus. 52. A. CYLINDRICA (New'Comb). PI. 34, figs. 13, 14, 16. "Shell dextral, elongately cylindrical, tapering to a point at the summit. Whorls 7, slightly rounded ; suture moderate. Aperture oblong-ovate ; columella terminating in a flexuous tooth. Surface of shell longitudinally strongly striate, of a 228 AMASTRA, OAHU. light horn-color, encircled by numerous narrow brown bands. Length sixteen- twentieths, diam. six-twentieths of an inch" [20x7.5 mm.] (Newc.). "Animal light gray, marbled with dusky triangular patches, mantle light gray, tentacles dark, granulations strong; a dor- sal and two obscure lateral white lines extend from the head along the animal" (Newc.}. Oahu: Waianae (Newcomb) ; near Mt. Kaala (Thwing). Achatinella cylindrica NEWC., P. Z. S. Lond., 1853, p. 134, pi. 22, f. 11 (1854) ; Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., vi, p. 325 (ani- mal) . PPR., Monogr., iv, 555. THWING, Orig. Descr., p. 156. This shell has some resemblance to A. frosti, but that is smaller, with more straightly turrited spire, the last whorl shorter and more convex. In A. variegata the outlines o ! f the spire are straight, while in cylindrica they are typically quite distinctly convex, as in NYwcomb's figure which we have copied, pi. 34, fig. 13. The embryonic shell has a rather narrowly conic shape, as in A. variegata, not so blunt and rounded as in A. rubens. It is very finely striate, as in variegata. In color it varies from purplish-red to whitish-corneous, but the lighter tint prevails. Neweomb 's measurement of the diameter was no doubt erroneous ; his figure shows no such proportions as the assigned dimensions would indicate. Specimens received from him measure : Length 18.5, diarn. 9, aperture 7.8 mm. ; 6y 2 whorls. Length 18.3, diam. 9, aperture 8 mm. ; 6^ whorls. The adult shell has variously-placed spiral lines and zones of red-brown on a paler ground, which under the lens shows whitish striae with fleshy or creamy intervals, giving a cream or fleshy appearance to the eye. Over this there is an ex- tremely thin, dilute brown outer cuticle, worn off in front of the aperture, or sometimes extensively lost. The sculpture is strongly developed and rather irregular. The outer lip is a little thickened within. Fig. 16 was drawn from a typical specimen received from Neweomb (no. 57689 A. N. S. P.). In the same lot with several typical specimens from New- comb there is a narrower shell with almost straightly turrite AMASTRA, OAHU. 229 spire (fig. 14) but having the sculpture and color of cylin- drica. Another lot in the Robert Swift collection (57690 A. N. S. P.) contains two shells banded with red-brown on a nearly white ground, two without the bands but otherwise similar. All have a thin light brown cuticle. One of these is drawn in fig. 14 of plate 34. It measures, length 21, diam. 9.8 mm. ; whorls 7. A. rubens has a thicker, blacker outer cuticle, a more ob- tuse apex, and less strong striation than cylindnca, but it must be admitted that there are specimens which seem to be intermediate between rubens and the bandies form of cylin- drica. On the other hand, cylindrica approaches close to A. intermedia; yet the typical forms of these three species are abundantly distinct. 53. A. VARIEGATA (Pfeiffer). PI. 34, figs. 1 to 5. "Shell subperf orate, rather solid, oblong-turrite ; striate; brownish-buff variegated with streaks of brown epidermis. Spire turrited, the apex ruddy, rather acute ; suture deep, not margined. Whorls 7, convex, the last two-fifths the total length. Golumella indistinctly two-folded, the lower fold transverse, compressed, lamelliform, white. Aperture a little oblique, semioval. Peristome simple, unexpanded, acute, the columellar margin reflexed, overhanging, giving the appear- ance of a perforation. Length 17, diam. 8, oblique alt, of aperture 7, width 3% mm." (Pfr.). Sandwich Is. (Pfr.) ; Oahu : Mokuleia, north of the west- ern end of the Waianae range (Gulick) ; Waianae valley (Baldwin) ; head of Boothes valley (Hartman). Achatinella variegata PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1849, p. 90; Conchyl. Cab., p. 282, pi. 67, f. 14, 15; Monogr., iii, 466.- BALDWIN, Catalogue, p. 10. Achatinella rubens REEVE (in part), Conch. Icon., pi. 6, f. 42a. Achatinella decepta C. B. ADAMS, Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., v, p. 43 ; Contrib. to Conch., no. 8, p. 127. Amastra variegata HARTMAN, Proc. A. N. S. Phila,, 1888, p. 51. It is a species of more turrited shape than cylindnca or riibens, the last whorl being shorter. 230 AMASTRA, OAHU. The embryonic shell of 2% whorls is rather high and conic, purplish-red, darker at the tip, or rarely pallid. It is very finely and closely striate. Subsequent whorls have low wrin^ kle sculpture, strongest just below the sutures. The last whorl retains the thin, light olivaceous-brown cuticle in shreds. In adult shells it is entirely worn away in front of the aper- ture, and is generally darker, brown-streaked, behind the lip. The color below the outer layer of cuticle is pale brown. In- terior white or faintly pink. The periphery remains acutely angular up to the 5 to 5 l / 2 whorl stage, then becoming rounded. There is an axial crevice behind the columellar lip. The "columella subbiplicata" mentioned by Pfeiffer is an occa- sional but inconstant feature, well developed in some shells, such as that drawn in fig. 5, but the upper fold is quite in- distinct or wholly wanting in most individuals. The lip is thin-edged, and generally has a yellowish border within. Length 17, diam. 8.8, aperture 7.25 mm. ; 7 whorls. Length 17.2, diam. 8, aperture 7 mm. ; 7 whorls. Figures 1, 2 are copied from Pfeiffer; figs. 3, 4, 5 and the above notes are from specimens from Mokuleia. Section HETERAMASTRA Pilsbry (p. 141). The single alleged Oahuan species referred to this group may prove to be a sinistral Paramastra, near A. tenuispira Baldwin, or perhaps it is not really from Oahu. 54. A. ELONGATA (Newcomb). Shell sinistral, acutely turreted, with numerous well-defined longitudinal striae, covered with a brown epidermis. Whorls 7, rounded ; suture deep, simple. Aperture ovate ; columella plicate; lip simple. Length 0.5. breadth 0.22 inch. Oahu (Newcomb, A. eloiigala}. Shell acutely turreted, sinistral ; whorls 7, rounded ; suture deep ; striae numerous, longitudinal and well defined ; aper- ture ovate; lip simple; columella plicate; color of epidermis brown. But a solitary specimen of this shell has been found; but its characters are clearly marked, and no described species AMASTRA, OAHU. 231 resembles it in form. Length 10, diam. 4 1 /-rtwentieths of an inch. Lehui, Oahu (Newcomb, for A. acuta). Oahu: Lihue, in the Waianae Range. Type in Newoomb coll., Cornell University. Achatinella elongata NEWCOMB, Annals of the Lyceum of Nat. Hist, of New York, vi, May, 1853, p. 26; t. c., Sept., 1858, p. 328 (identity of A. acuta and A. elongata affirmed and explained). --Amastra elongata SYKES, Fauna Hawaii- ensis, p. 349. Not A. elongata BORCHERDING, Zoologica, xix, p. 124, pi. 10, f. 24. Achatinella acuta NEWCOMB, P. Z. S., 1853, p. 142 (not of Swainson; not P. Z. S., pi. 23, fig. 36 = A. soror] . PFR., Monographia, iv, 528. Newconib at first intended to name this shell A. acuta, but that name being in use, it was changed to elongata in the paper published in New York, which appeared before that in P. Z. S. under the name acuta. Both descriptions were based upon the same unique specimen, stated to be from Lihue, in the Waianae range, Oahu. Borcherding follows Hartman in uniting A. hutchinsonii of Maui as a synonym of elongata. He figures a specimen from Waialua, near the eastern end of Molokai, which is clearly villosa Sykes, a form of hutchinsonii. We do not endorse this view. With a length of about 12 mm., A. elongata has 7 whorls. It is therefore only about 'half the size of A. hutchin- sonii or villosa. The embryonic sculpture is unknown. Newcomb subsequently procured additional specimens which he referred to elongata. Two of these, sent by him to Garrett, and now in the Bishop Museum, are certainly the Mauian A. Itrva Bald., one being quite typical, the other (pi. 49, fig. 10) is a wider form, 11x6 mm., having the shape of interjecta, but the rough sculpture, solid texture and white aperture of l&va. A. elongata has not been found 'by Oahuan conchologists of the present generation. Competent judges among them doubt the occurrence of such a shell on Oahu. 232 AMASTRA, LANAI. AMASTR.E OF LANAI. The Amastrae of Lanai are closely related to those of Molo- kai. The biplicata series is especially developed, and the as- simitis series of eastern Molokai and Maul is absent. Amas- trella and Cyclamastra have not been found, but perhaps they may turn up as fossils, or even recent, as the island has not been very thoroughly explored. Heteramastra is represented by one species. Key to Amastra of Lanai. a. Shell sinistral. A. fraterna, no. 55. a 1 . Shell dextral. fo. Shell globose-conic, 12x8.3, aperture 6.8 mm. A. nucula, no. 57. fe 1 . Ovate-conic, oblong or turrited; aperture not over half the length. c. Small, banded, with costate and carinate apex; 11.6x6 mm. A. pusilla, no. 56. c 1 . Large (over 18 mm.), embryonic whorls handsomely costate and usually carinate. d. Whitish, fleshy or purplish under a fragmentary brown or blackish cuticle ; length 25 to 36 mm. A. magna, no. 58. d 1 . A white peripheral band, spire brown; smaller. A. m. balteata, no. 58a. d 2 . Yellow under a deep brown cuticle; aperture yellow; length 23 to 25 mm. A. aurostonut, no. 59. d s . Banded with brown; cuticle yellowish, dark behind the lip. A. grayana, no. 60. d*. Yellow under the blackish cuticle; whorls shorter; aperture pink or red. A. rubristoma, no. 61. c 2 . Shell oblong-conic or turrited, the embryonic whorls finely striate; aperture usually pink; columella often biplicate. AMASTRA, LANAI. 233 d. Yellow under blackish cuticle; last whorl strongly convex. A. rubristoma, no. 61. d\ Whitish under blackish cuticle; last whorl rather compressed; length 20 to 23, diam. 11 mm. A. biplicata, no. 62. d 2 . Diameter usually more than half the length ; length 14 to 20 mm. A. durandi, no. 63. d 3 . More slender, smaller, diam. less than half the length. A. moesta, no. 64. Section HETERAMASTRA Pilsbry. 55. A. PRATERNA Sykes. PI. 49, fig. 9 ; pi. 17, tigs. 11, 14. " Shell sinistral, ovate turriform, thin; suture impressed; whorls 61/2 to 7, a little convex, longitudinally striated, cov- ered mth a brown or blackish-corneous epidermis. Aperture ovate, moderate; peristome unexpanded, acute; lamina mod- erate. Length 10, diam. 5.5 mm. " (Sykes'). Lanai: Mountains 'behind Koela (Perkins). Amastra fraterna SYKES, Proc. Malac. Soc. London ii, pt. 3, p. 129, October, 1896. Amastra (Laminella) fraterna SYKES Fauna Hawaiiensis, p. 349, pi. 11, f. 23. Mr. Sykes 's original figure is copied in our pi. 49, fig. 9. The shell is more inflated than any of the soror group of Maui. It is entirely clothed with a thin, dark-brown or black cuticle, worn off in front of the aperture exposing the purple-brown under-color. The typical form has a nearly straight-sided spire and is composed of 6% to 7 whorls (pi. 49, fig. 9). A somewhat different form was collected by Mr. D. Thaa- nuin, exact locality not given. It has fewer whorls and a con- cave-sided spire (pi. 17, figs. 11, 14). The embryonic whorls are very beautifully costellate, the riblets being narrow. They are represented as much too wide in pi. 17, fig. 14. The whorls are convex, the last one inflated ; outlines of the spire concave. The columellar lamella is rather small, becoming larger within. The figures on plate 17 are from specimens collected by Mr. 234 AMASTRA, LANAI. D. Thaanum. Length 10.3, diam. 6.5, aperture 5.3 mm. ; whorls. Subgenus AMASTRA s. sir. Imperforate or narrowly rimate Amastrae with the embry- onic whorls typically flattened, costate, and carinate above the suture (the carina sometimes concealed), rarely they are con- vex and striate. Cuticle generally marked with zigzag or an- gular stripes or spots. Type A. magna. Distribution : Molokai, Maui and Lanai. The variation in embryonic sculpture which is occasionally encountered in this subgenus is extraordinary, though in the great majority of specimens and species only the costate and carinate type of embryonic shell is found. The main excep- tions are in the series of A. magna, where the costation is weak in A. violacea and wanting in A. nubilosa; and the series of A. nigra, where that species has two embryonic forms, figured in pi. 43, figs. 1 and 3, and A. subcrassila'bris has an embryo of the type shown in pi. 43, fig. 3. There are also a few other less aberrant cases of non-typical embryos in other series of the subgenus. This seems to be a case where the embryonic stage mutates independent of the later stages, a condition encountered in the Muricidcc, Buccinida, etc., and sometimes recognized under the term ' ' heterostyly. ' ' Series of A. pusilla. Small Amastra? with the embryonic whorls costate and cari- nate, later whorls banded beneath a thin, yellowish, unfigured cuticle. The single species placed here resembles A. petricola and A. abavus of Molokai in form and coloring, but differs en- tirely in embryonic sculpture. It is probably related to A. tricincta and its allies of Molokai. 56. A. PUSILLA (Newcomb). PI. 17, figs. 8, 13, 15. Shell dextral, conically ovate; apex acute; whorls 6, plano- convex; suture above but lightly impressed, below strongly marked; lip simple; columella short, with a twisted plait; epidermis light-brown, often encircled by narrow white bands. AMASTRA, LANAI. 235 Length 14, diam. 4 twentieths of an inch, var. major. Length 8~y 2 , diam. 4 twentieths of an inch, var. minor. (Newc.) Lanai (New-comb). Achatinella pusilla NEWC., Ann. N. Y. Lye. Nat. Hist, vi, Oct., 1855, p. 144; Amer. Journ. of Oonch., ii, 1866, p. 211, pi. 13, f. 5. Achatinella pulla Newc., PFR., P. Z. S., 1855, p. 209 (Feb., 1856) ; Monographic iv, 546. PI. 17, figs. 8, 13, 15 were drawn from specimens received from Newcomb, representing his minor variety, which may be accepted as the typical form, since it is what he figured in 1866. The major variety, IT 1 /-! mm. long, noted in his descrip- tion, is not known to us by specimens, and may be a distinct species. A. pusilla is the smallest Amastra of Lanai. With some resemblance to A. pctricola of Molokai, this species dif- fers entirely in the sculpture of the embryonic whorls. The outlines of the spire are convex below, a little concave near the apex. The first smooth half whorl is followed by a flattened, strongly-ribbed whorl, carinate close above the su- ture, the ribs rather widely spaced. On the next whorl they become very fine and close, persisting on the upper part of the whorl, weaker below. 2% whorls comprise the embryonic shell. The later whorls have growth-wrinkles only. The pen- ultimate whorl is generally brown with cream-white bands bordering the sutures above and below. The last whorl may have creamy bands at suture, periphery and base (fig. 13) or there may be several above the periphery. In other specimens the last two whorls are of 'an opaque cream tint, with several spiral brown bands, as in fig. 15. A very thin yellowish cuticle, in part deciduous, covers the last whorl or two. The aperture is white within and has a strong lip-rib (not shown in the figures). The 'columellar lamella is subhorizontal. Fig. 15. Length 11.25. diam. 6, aperture 5 mm.; whorls 6y 2 . Length 11.6, diam. 6. aperture 5.1 mm. Series of A. nucula. The following species seems to ( be related to the nigra series of Maui, and the pullata series of Molokai. 236 AMASTRA, LANAI. 57. A. NUCULA E. A. Smith. PI. 26, fig. 9 ; pi. 39, fig's. 11, 12. ' Shell globose-conic, dextral, striated with lines of growth, partly lightly malleated, dirty whitish, partly covered with a brown-olivaceous cuticle. Whorls 5^, the first 4^ rather fiat, the last globose. Suture subcrenulate. Aperture whitish ; perietome thickened; columellar fold thin. Length 12, diam. 8 mm. Habitat, probably on the island of Lanai." (Smith}. Lanai mountains (Thwing) . Amastra nucida SMITH, P. Z. S., 1873, p. 85, pi. 10, f. 19.- Achatinella nucula Smith, THWING, Occas. Pap. B. P. B. Mu- seum, iii, no. 1, p. 168, pi. 3, f. 20. " In this species the apex is not strongly radiately sulcated, as in A. malleata " (Smith). The unique type of this species (no. 89 Gulick coll., Boston Society N. H.) is figured on pi. 39, figs. 11, 12, the original figure ('copied in pi. 26, fig. 9) giving an inadequate idea of the shell, though correct in outline. The first whorl has been broken ; the second is finely striate, the striae close, arcuate, rather sharp and irregular. Subsequent whorls have light, irregular growth-wrinkles, in places a little enlarged near the suture, which however is not more crenulate than usual. The last whorl has a delicate ridge at the periphery in front, below which it is distinctly malleated, with forwardly -descend- ing facets. Above the periphery the malleation is much weaker. Some specimens of A. nigra have a similar sculpture. The outlines of the spire are straight, but if the first whorl v,-closely related to the forms of A. nigra having rounded and striate embryonic whorls. There is no related species known on Lanai, and were it not for Mr. Th wing's acceptance of it as a Lanaian species, that locality might be doubted. (Series of A. magna.) 58. A. MAGNA (C. B. Adams). PI. 26, figs. 1 to 6; pi. 39, figs. 4,8. " Shell thick, ovate-conic, elongate; blackish-brown at the apex, reddish-brown on the middle whorls, and ash-colored on the lower whorls; with unequal, irregular, very coarse, trans- verse striae, with close-set transverse arcuate ribs near the apex, and some indistinct raised spiral lines on the lower part of the last whorl ; apex subacute ; spire rather long, with the oulines quite curvilinear; whorls seven, rather convex, with a well-impressed suture; last whorl obtusely angular; aperture ovate, acute above, with an extremely thick deposit on the inner side, with a, very large compressed coluniellar fold. Mean divergence 50; length 1.33 inch; breadth .7 inch; length of aperture .61 inch. The unique specimen which has served for this description is somewhat faded, and the lip probably is not quite mature, being sharp " (Adams). Lanai (Newcomb, Gulick) ; behind Koele (Perkins). Achatinetta magna C. B. ADAMS, Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y. v, p. 41 (1850) ; Contrib. to Conch., no. 8, p. 125. NEWCOMB, Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y. vi, 1858, p. 319 (animal). PPE., Monographia iv, 542; vi, 177. NEWCOMB, Ann. Lye. N. H. vi, p. 319. Amastra magna C. B. Ad., HARTMAN, Proe. A. N. S. Phila., 1888, p. 47. SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, p. 339.- BORCHERDING, Zoologica, xix, p. 106, pi. 10, f. 2. GULICK, Evolution, Racial and Habitudinal, pi. 1, f. 19. Acliatinella, laldwmii NEWCOMB, P. Z. S., 1853, p. 155, pi. 24, f. 72. Achatinella gigantea NEWCOMB, P. Z. S., 1853, p. 136, pi. 22, f. 17 (Haleakala, Maui). " Animal of inky-black above, veined with white, when ex- 238 AMASTRA, LANAI. tended, as long as the shell ; base of foot and mantle of a bluish-gray " (Newcomb). A. magna differs from the related A. violacea of Molokai by its embryonic shell (pi. 26, fig. 5, length 6 mm., 8^/2 whorls). The initial half whorl is smooth; next two whorls strongly cost ate, and car mate above the suture ; on the third whorl the ribs are finer than on the second. After the third whorl they become weak, persisting longest near the suture. The fully-formed embryo, as figured, is iniperforate, acutely carinate, the carina white. The columellar fold is moderate and very oblique. In A. violacea the costation of the embryo is less strong and no supersutural carina is visible. The last whorl varies from closely, subregularly striate to irregularly striate and malleate, the subperipheral portion often having revolving, flattened facets. Sometimes the peri- phery is angular, as in fig. 3. The blackish -cuticle remains in shreds or lines between the striae on the last whorl or two. There is great variation in the color of the aperture. It may be white (fig. 1) or cream-white (fig. 3), salmon-colored (fig. 2), or purple-brown or leaden-purple (fig. 4). The parietal callus is very thick in adult, shells (thereby differing from A. violacea) ; it is pure white or dark-brown. The columellar fold is thin. Fig. 4. Length 36.5, diam. 17, aperture 16.2 mm. ; 7 whorls. Fig. 1. Length 30, diam. 16.2, aperture 15.5 mm.; whorls. Fig. 2. Length 30.5, diam. 15, aperture 13 mm. ; whorls. Fig. 3. Length 29.5, diam. 13.2, aperture 12.2 mm.; 7 whorls. Fig. 6. Length 35, diam. 19, aperture 16.8 mm.: 7 whorls. Length 35.5, diam. 15.5, aperture 1.5 mm.; 7% whorls. Length 25, diam. 12 mm. The size varies widely. In shape it may be subcylindric, ovate or oblong-conic. It is likely that several subspecies will eventually be recognized, but a knowledge of the distribution of the forms is requisite for any step in this direction. Figs. AMASTRA, LANAI. 239 4, 8, of plate 39, show shells retaining the cuticle, which is figured in characteristic patterns. A. baldwinii Newcomb, was based upon a small example with the spire rather straightly conic, and the cuticle adher- ing in patches. Entirely similar shells are in several of the large lots of magna before us. Newcomb conceded its identity with magna. The original description and figure follow. " Achatinella baldwinii (pi. 39, fig. 1). Shell dextral, con- ically elongate, striated longitudinally ; whorls 7, slightly con- vex, not margined; suture simple, well-impressed; aperture elongate-ovate ; columella long, with a white plicate tooth ; lip acute, margined within with brown. Aperture bluish- white ; labrum with a white deposit; color of shell light brown, with traces of a thin black epidermis ; first four whorls black. Length 2.1, diarn. 10 twentieths of an inch. This species is dedicated to the Rev. Mr. Baldwin of Lahaina. It belongs to the limited group of A. gigantea and A. violacea. There has been but one specimen as yet obtained " (Newc.). Rana.i. Length 21, diam. 10 twentieths of an inch (Newc.). Ac/Kit utella gigantea Newcomb has been considered a syn- onym of violacea by Pease, Hartman, Borcherding and Sykes, who remarks that probably the locality of Maui, given by Newcomb, was an error, as his specimen appears to be only an elongate form of the Molokai shell. Specimens received from Dr. Newcomb are certainly A. magna. The callosity " con- tinued to unite with the outer lip " is a character of magna, not of violacea. It seems to be an absolute synonym of magna. The original description and figure are copied: ^Achatinella gigantea (pi. 40, fig. 1). Shell dextral, elon- gate-ovate, apex pointed ; whorls 7, strongly striate, slightly carinated superiorly on the last whorl, inferiorly on the penul- timate ; columella slightly arched, terminating internally in a slight 'callosity; externally continued to unite with the outer lip ; columellar lip with a strong deposit spread over its sur- face; outer lip simple; suture deep; strife longitudinal; color light plumbeous externally, internally pale lilac. Length l 1 /^, diam. 12 twentieths of an inch. Haleakala, Maui ' (New- comb}. 240 AMASTRA, LANAI. Among the specimens of A. aurostoma sent by Mr. Baldwin, there is an interesting shell showing some characters of auros- toma, though the magna type predominates (pi. 26, figs. 11, 12). The ground color is pale-brown on the last two whorls, red-brown above. The cuticle is dense, unbroken and nearly black on the last two-thirds of the last whorl. The striation is more pronounced than in aurostoma, and the lower half of the last whorl is conspicuously malleate, a feature not very clearly indicated in the figure. The aperture is yellow within, as in aurostoma, but some magna have the same color. Length 24.2, diam. 11.5 mm. Color- var. balteata n. v. (pi. 26, figs. 7, 8). A small form in which the spire is brown, last whorl gradually becoming lighter, whitish in its last third, and encircled by a white peripheral band, visible as an angular white line close above the suture on the spire. Embryonic whorls costate and cari- nate. No cuticle remains ; striation well developed on the last whorl. Aperture small, acutely ovate, somewhat periform, flesh-colored inside. Columellar fold small and oblique. Length 23.6, diam. 12.3, aperture 11 mm.; whorls 6V 3 (fig. 8). 59. A. AUROSTOMA Baldwin. PI. 26, figs. 13, 14. The shell is imperforate, oblong-conic, solid, yellow under a dark chestnut cuticle, which is smooth, rather glossy, and on the spire streaked with yellow ; apex red-brown. Embry- onic whorls costate and carinate, the carina very close to the suture. Subsequent whorls slightly convex, with sculpture of low stria?, which are weaker on the last whorl, which is regu- larly elliptical and not malleate. The aperture is ovate, yellow within; outer lip without a lip-rib. Columella yellow, bearing a strong fold of the same tint. Parietal callus tinted, typically thick. Fig. 13. Length 25, diam. 12.6, aperture 11 mm.; whorls. Fig. 14. Length 23.5, diam. 12, aperture 11.8 mm.; whorls. " Animal when extended in motion as long as the shell; mantle dark slate, margined on the outer side with reddish- Achatinellidse PLATE 24 ps H :,. s^*^X - '->"' P , k . , ..,.,"- -! ' i , v f^Liitv? i&- .- ; : : "\ x -: '^ ; \> ^ , \ \4 W-. -:^--. \ X - '4 '' |t''-'- f **" / ' v r ~ & -s' M ; ' %'' ^ ' /-^&g- 10 11 Achatinellidse PLATE 28 f >; '%.' 3 - -i 9 ! -. ;./ I : '.& . : 6 ' - 10 Achatinellidse ,V^. i_io-- *(* . - , r '.i ' " PLATE 26 f , ''\\. -<>'" r 3 :" .- ." 1 i k-' 7 . 4rv 8 5 "'. ' : > ' i ~~-~' 11 - i 9 S 10 15 AchatineUidse PLATE 27 '.'A\* ' 4>. ;ir*' I ,' T| ! 15 i 16 19 Achatinellidae PLATE 29 vi'^SSil 3 ! 9 10 /> ""*.*, ^ -.1, ".-."., ', tt -. v-,\Vi^;.;' Achatinellidae PLATE 30 1 4i 6 8 .:u..,v..v. YvV"- v \'v ; "'..';.. 11 9 , ;/:.'.:-:v. , -;'-'.,- . u 23 20 Achatinellidae PLATE 31 6 5 12 1 \ >\i 8 Tfl Achatinellidae PLATE 32 ft 16 13 w\ *t n 8 * feWiJ 19 !0 ffi i Achatinellidse PLATE 33 -* asr ,. 10 11 Achatinellidse PLATE 34 / 10 13 IIP ' ..:. , 14 18 11 12 15 16 n 19 Achatinellidae PLATE 35 V Jt : '$j 5 9 10 jt,Wta*> we A 14 16 Achatinellidse PLATE 36 :^ ' - ' .- > r : 4^ tt->$s3a i N A .. ' 9 i--- . ._ 1 - ^j&fe^^- AMASTRA, LANAI. 241 brown. Foot above and below veiy dark brown, the sides studded with large patches of darker hue, the posterior por- tion tinged with red. The head above and tentacles covered with almost black granulations " (Baldwin). Lanai (Walter H. Hayselden). Amastra aurostoma BALDWIN, Nautilus, x, July, 1896, p. 31. This species stands close to small forms of A. magna. It is smoother, of a brighter yellow color under the cuticle, which is more persistent. The last whorl is more regularly ellip- tical than usual in magna. The description and figures 13 and 14 are from cotypes received from Mr. Baldwin. The cuticle is typically dense and dark on the last whorl. In some specimens (no. 2232 coll. C. M. Cooke) the cuticle is much worn. In others it is closely mottled on the penulti- mate and front of last whorl. Probably intergraddng forms with A. grayana will be found. 60. A. GRAYANA (Pfeiffer). PI. 39, figs. 2, 3. Shell imperforate, dextral, ovate-conic, rather solid, some- what shining, grayish-flesh colored, variously marked with chestnut bands disappearing above. Spire inflated- conic, the apex acute, black; whorls 6%, the upper ones flat, radially plicate, the penultimate convex, last whorl nearly as long as the spire, lightly striate. Aperture subvertieal, acuminate- oval. Columellar fold median, subtransverse, triangular; peristome simple, unexpanded, the columellar margin slightly ^dilated, adnate. Length 21.5, diam. 12 mm. Sandwich Is., D. Frick (P/r.). Lanai: Lanaihale, a ground shell (Perkins). Achatinella grayana PPR., P. Z. S., 1855, p. 204, no. 13; Monographia, iv, 554. Amastra grayana SYKES, Fauna Ha- waiiensis, p. 337, no. 22. It has been recorded from Oahu, evidently in error, since no Oahuan species has flat, radially plicate upper whorls. Two specimens in the C. M. Cooke collection, received from D. D. Baldwin are figured. In these shells (pi. 39, figs. 2, 3), which are not localized nearer than " Lanai," the cuticle is olivaceous yellow marked with darker or reddish-brown 242 AMASTRA, LANAI. spiral lines on the penultimate and sometimes the periphery of the last whorl, becoming blackish or dark-brown behind the lip. Under the cuticle the last whorl or two is light-yellow, as exposed in front of the aperture. Apex reddish or purplish brown, costate, but the carina is almost concealed in the suture. Interior of aperture pink or white. Length 21, diam. 10.2, aperture 9.8 mm. ; whorls 6*4. Length 19.5, diam. 11, 'aperture 10 mm. ; whorls 6. This species stands very close to A. aurostoma which differs by its thicker, darker cuticle, without bands ; it is also larger than gray ana. (Named for J. E. Gray, then keeper of the zoological department of the British Museum.) 61. A. RUBRISTOMA Baldwin. PI. 39, figs. 5, 6. " Shell dextral, imperf orate, solid, elongately ovate-conic, apex acute; surface striated with irregular growth strias; nuclear whorls radiately sulcated. Color reddish-brown, sometimes almost white, upper whorls darker ; generally cov- ered with a dark fugacious epidermis. Whorls 7, convex, suture well impressed. Aperture a little oblique, oval, red within, sometimes livid-white. Peristome acute, very slightly thickened within. Columella terminating in a strong arched lamellar plait, tinged with red. Length 191/0, diam. 12 mm ' (Baldwin). Lanai (D. Thaanum). Amastra rubristoma BALDW., Nautilus, xix, April, 1906, p. 137. This species stands close to A. aurostoma, from which it differs by the much snorter whorls. It stands intermediate between aurostoma and biplicata, differing from the latter by its more rotund last whorl, the yellow under-color and the more glossy surface. No specimens are well enough preserved to show whether the embryonic sculpture is that of aurostoma or of biplicata. The type specimens are figured. Of the three, one is entirely denuded of all cuticle, dull and flesh- colored, a little yellowish on the last whorl, darkening near the apex and behind the lip (fig. 6). The other shells are unworn. They have a glossy yellow under-skin, mainly cov- AMASTRA, LANAI. 243 ered by a thin, much-worn blackish-brown cuticle. The api- cal whorls are reddish, worn in all of the specimens, but they seem to show traces of costation; the keel, if any, is nearly or quite 'Concealed in the suture. The subsequent whorls are weakly marked with growth-lines, rather glossy, and strongly convex. Aperture bright pink within in the two larger shells, merely pinkish-white in the smallest. The pink lip-rib is strong or rather weak. The well-developed columellar fold is median and quite oblique. Length 19.3, diam. 11.7, aperture 9.2 mm. ; 6y 2 whorls. Length 19.3, diam. 11.4, aperture 8.9 mm. ; 6y 2 whorls. Length 17, diam. 11, aperture 8 mm. ; 6% whorls. Series of A. biplicata. Embryonic shell purple-brown, very finely sharply striate, the whorls somewhat convex. Adult stage oblong or turrite, partly covered with a blackish deciduous cuticle, which is variegated on the intermediate whorls. Columella with one or two folds and, with the parietal callus, usually pink. The sculpture of the embryonic shell is stronger than in the Oahuan group of A. turritella, and the apex is somewhat more pointed, but the resemblance is perhaps indicative of relationship. It should be noted that in the turritella series also there is a tendency to form a second columellar fold, in rare individuals. The variegated cuticle of the neanic stage allies the biplicata group to typical Amastra of Lanai and Molokai, from which it differs by the convex, striate, not cos- tate, embryonic whorls a character variable in Amastra. Species are known from Lanai and Mojokai. Data for mapping the range of the Lanaian forms are wanting. We have as yet only scanty information on the details of distri- bution in this island. 62. A. BIPLICATA (Newcomb). PI. 17, figs. 1 to 6. Shell dextrorsal, elongately cylindrical ; whorls 7, rounded, longitudinally strongly striated